Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
брехать
лаять
тявкать
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: hhapdeze
Transitivity
Ambitransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
172077
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
4
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
хӀапдена
[ħabdena]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
хӀапдечӀо
[ħabdet͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
хӀапдела
[ħabdela]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
хӀапделаро
[ħabdelaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
хӀапдола
[ħabdola]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
хӀапдоларо
[ħabdolaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
хӀапдолаан
[ħabdolajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
хӀапдолароан
[ħabdolarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
хӀапде
[ħabde]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
хӀапдоге
[ħabdoge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
хӀапдеги
[ħabdegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
хӀапдогеги
[ħabdogegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
хӀапдезин
[ħabdezin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
хӀапдени
[ħabdeni]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
хӀапдечӀони
[ħabdet͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапденищ
[ħabdeniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапдечӀищ
[ħabdet͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапдолищ
[ħabdoliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапдоларищ
[ħabdolariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапделищ
[ħabdeliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀапделарищ
[ħabdelariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
хӀапдерав
/[ħabderaw]/
0
|
хӀапдерай
/[ħabderaj]/
0
|
хӀапдераб
/[ħabderab]/
0
|
хӀапдерал
/[ħabderal]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
хӀапдечӀев
/[ħabdet͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
хӀапдечӀей
/[ħabdet͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
хӀапдечӀеб
/[ħabdet͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
хӀапдечӀел
/[ħabdet͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
хӀапдолев
/[ħabdolew]/
🔒
0
|
хӀапдолей
/[ħabdolej]/
🔒
0
|
хӀапдолеб
/[ħabdoleb]/
🔒
10
|
хӀапдолел
/[ħabdolel]/
🔒
4
|
| Present Participle Negative |
хӀапдоларев
/[ħabdolarew]/
0
|
хӀапдоларей
/[ħabdolarej]/
0
|
хӀапдолареб
/[ħabdolareb]/
0
|
хӀапдоларел
/[ħabdolarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
хӀапделев
/[ħabdelew]/
🔒
0
|
хӀапделей
/[ħabdelej]/
🔒
0
|
хӀапделеб
/[ħabdeleb]/
🔒
2
|
хӀапделел
/[ħabdelel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
хӀапделарев
/[ħabdelarew]/
0
|
хӀапделарей
/[ħabdelarej]/
0
|
хӀапделареб
/[ħabdelareb]/
0
|
хӀапделарел
/[ħabdelarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
хӀапдезехъин
[ħabdezeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
хӀапдезехъинро
[ħabdezeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
хӀапдеяв
/[ħabdejaw]/
0
|
хӀапдеяй
/[ħabdejaj]/
0
|
хӀапдеяб
/[ħabdejab]/
0
|
хӀапдеял
/[ħabdejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
хӀапдерав
0
|
хӀапдерай
0
|
хӀапдераб
0
|
хӀапдерал
0
|
| Ergative |
хӀапдерас
0
|
хӀапдералъ
0
|
хӀапдералъ
0
|
хӀапдераз
0
|
| Genitive |
хӀапдерасул
0
|
хӀапдералъул
0
|
хӀапдералъул
0
|
хӀапдеразул
0
|
| Dative |
хӀапдерасе
0
|
хӀапдералъе
0
|
хӀапдералъе
0
|
хӀапдеразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
хӀапдерасда
0
|
хӀапдералъда
0
|
хӀапдералъда
0
|
хӀапдеразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
хӀапдерасде
0
|
хӀапдералъде
0
|
хӀапдералъде
0
|
хӀапдеразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
хӀапдерасдаса
0
|
хӀапдералъдаса
0
|
хӀапдералъдаса
0
|
хӀапдераздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
хӀапдерасдасан
0
|
хӀапдералъдасан
0
|
хӀапдералъдасан
0
|
хӀапдераздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
хӀапдерасухъ
0
|
хӀапдералъухъ
0
|
хӀапдералъухъ
0
|
хӀапдеразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
хӀапдерасухъе
0
|
хӀапдералъухъе
0
|
хӀапдералъухъе
0
|
хӀапдеразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
хӀапдерасухъа
0
|
хӀапдералъухъа
0
|
хӀапдералъухъа
0
|
хӀапдеразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
хӀапдерасухъан
0
|
хӀапдералъухъан
0
|
хӀапдералъухъан
0
|
хӀапдеразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
хӀапдерасулъ
0
|
хӀапдералъулъ
0
|
хӀапдералъулъ
0
|
хӀапдеразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
хӀапдерасулъе
0
|
хӀапдералъулъе
0
|
хӀапдералъулъе
0
|
хӀапдеразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
хӀапдерасулъа
0
|
хӀапдералъулъа
0
|
хӀапдералъулъа
0
|
хӀапдеразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
хӀапдерасулъан
0
|
хӀапдералъулъан
0
|
хӀапдералъулъан
0
|
хӀапдеразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
хӀапдерасукь
0
|
хӀапдералъукь
0
|
хӀапдералъукь
0
|
хӀапдеразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
хӀапдерасукье
0
|
хӀапдералъукье
0
|
хӀапдералъукье
0
|
хӀапдеразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
хӀапдерасукьа
0
|
хӀапдералъукьа
0
|
хӀапдералъукьа
0
|
хӀапдеразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
хӀапдерасукьан
0
|
хӀапдералъукьан
0
|
хӀапдералъукьан
0
|
хӀапдеразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
хӀапдон
[ħabdon]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
хӀапдон
[ħabdon]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
хӀапдечӀого
[ħabdet͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
хӀапдолаго
[ħabdolago]
🔒
4
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
хӀапдоларого
[ħabdolarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
хӀапдей
[ħabdej]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
хӀапдезе
[ħabdeze]
🔒
4
|
|||
| Causative |
хӀапдезавизе
/[ħabdezawize]/
0
|
хӀапдезайизе
/[ħabdezajize]/
0
|
хӀапдезабизе
/[ħabdezabize]/
0
|
хӀапдезаризе
/[ħabdezarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
хӀапдезавуларо
/[ħabdezawularo]/
0
|
хӀапдезайуларо
/[ħabdezajularo]/
0
|
хӀапдезабуларо
/[ħabdezabularo]/
0
|
хӀапдезаруларо
/[ħabdezarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
хӀапдеаризе
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
—
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
хӀапд-хӀапдезе
[ħabd-ħabdeze]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
хӀапд-хӀапделаро
[ħabd-ħabdelaro]
0
|
|||