Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
существовать
бывать; быть (связка), иметься, наличествовать.; 1) быть, существовать; бывать, находиться, происходить, водиться 2) иметься, быть, иметь у кого-л.; (за)иметь кого-что-л. 3) становиться, стать чем-л.
быть
иметь
иметься
находиться
относиться
содержаться
создаться
состоять
состояться
English
to be (copula verb); to exist, to be present (see present forms вуго, йиго, буго, руго).; 1) to be, to exist; to be present somewhere, to be located, to occur, to be found 2) to be available, to be pr
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Class-based
Yes
Tags
auxiliary
copula
Phonology
Pattern:
CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: bukʼine
Transitivity
Ambitransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Active
Class-based
Yes
Verb Class
Class III
System Information
Database ID
172510
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
3836
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
вуго
/[wugo]/
🔒
7483
|
йиго
/[jigo]/
🔒
2334
|
буго
/[bugo]/
🔒
56451
|
руго
/[rugo]/
🔒
18185
|
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
гьечӀо
[het͡ʃˀo]
🔒
10051
|
|||
| Past Simple |
вукӀана
/[wukˀana]/
🔒
4725
|
йикӀана
/[jikˀana]/
🔒
1156
|
букӀана
/[bukˀana]/
🔒
15666
|
рукӀана
/[rukˀana]/
🔒
6698
|
| Past Simple Negative |
вукӀинчӀо
/[wukˀint͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
428
|
йикӀинчӀо
/[jikˀint͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
79
|
букӀинчӀо
/[bukˀint͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
2308
|
рукӀинчӀо
/[rukˀint͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
520
|
| Future Simple |
вукӀина
/[wukˀina]/
🔒
53
|
йикӀина
/[jikˀina]/
🔒
13
|
букӀина
/[bukˀina]/
🔒
489
|
рукӀина
/[rukˀina]/
🔒
94
|
| Future Simple Negative |
вукӀинаро
/[wukˀinaro]/
🔒
15
|
йикӀинаро
/[jikˀinaro]/
🔒
1
|
букӀинаро
/[bukˀinaro]/
🔒
123
|
рукӀинаро
/[rukˀinaro]/
🔒
14
|
| Constative |
вукӀуна
/[wukˀuna]/
🔒
411
|
йикӀуна
/[jikˀuna]/
🔒
154
|
букӀуна
/[bukˀuna]/
🔒
2241
|
рукӀуна
/[rukˀuna]/
🔒
1122
|
| Constative Negative |
вукӀунаро
/[wukˀunaro]/
🔒
102
|
йикӀунаро
/[jikˀunaro]/
🔒
12
|
букӀунаро
/[bukˀunaro]/
🔒
774
|
рукӀунаро
/[rukˀunaro]/
🔒
147
|
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
вугоан
/[wugojan]/
🔒
132
|
йигоан
/[jigojan]/
🔒
39
|
бугоан
/[bugojan]/
🔒
798
|
ругоан
/[rugojan]/
🔒
398
|
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
вукӀунаан
/[wukʼunajan]/
🔒
143
|
йикӀунаан
/[jikʼunajan]/
🔒
82
|
букӀунаан
/[bukʼunajan]/
🔒
332
|
рукӀунаан
/[rukʼunajan]/
🔒
299
|
| Remote Past Negative |
вукӀунароан
/[wukʼunarojan]/
🔒
30
|
йикӀунароан
/[jikʼunarojan]/
🔒
2
|
букӀунароан
/[bukʼunarojan]/
🔒
95
|
рукӀунароан
/[rukʼunarojan]/
🔒
29
|
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
/[wukʼint͡ʃʼogo wukʼun het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[jikʼint͡ʃʼogo jikʼun het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[bukʼint͡ʃʼogo bukʼun het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[rukʼint͡ʃʼogo rukʼun het͡ʃʼo]/ |
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
/[wukʼun wukʼunarojan]/ |
/[jikʼun jikʼunarojan]/ |
/[bukʼun bukʼunarojan]/ |
/[rukʼun rukʼunarojan]/ |
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
/[wukʼineq͡χːin wukʼana]/ |
/[jikʼineq͡χːin jikʼana]/ |
/[bukʼineq͡χːin bukʼana]/ |
/[rukʼineq͡χːin rukʼana]/ |
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
/[wukʼineq͡χːin wukʼint͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[jikʼineq͡χːin jikʼint͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[bukʼineq͡χːin bukʼint͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[rukʼineq͡χːin rukʼint͡ʃʼo]/ |
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
вукӀа
/[wukˀa]/
🔒
135
|
йикӀа
/[jikˀa]/
🔒
16
|
букӀа
/[bukˀa]/
🔒
397
|
рукӀа
/[rukˀa]/
🔒
695
|
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
вукӀунге
/[wukˀunge]/
🔒
8
|
йикӀунге
/[jikʼunge]/
🔒
2
|
букӀунге
/[bukˀunge]/
🔒
7
|
рукӀунге
/[rukˀunge]/
🔒
15
|
| Optative |
вукӀаги
/[wukˀagi]/
🔒
3
|
йикӀаги
/[jikˀagi]/
🔒
1
|
букӀаги
/[bukˀagi]/
🔒
30
|
рукӀаги
/[rukˀagi]/
🔒
17
|
| Prohibitive Optative |
вукӀунгеги
/[wukʼungegi]/
0
|
йикӀунгеги
/[jikʼungegi]/
0
|
букӀунгеги
/[bukʼungegi]/
0
|
рукӀунгеги
/[rukʼungegi]/
0
|
| Hortative |
вукӀинин
/[wukˀinin]/
🔒
16
|
йикӀинин
/[jikʼinin]/
0
|
букӀинин
/[bukˀinin]/
🔒
152
|
рукӀинин
/[rukˀinin]/
🔒
40
|
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
вукӀани
/[wukˀani]/
🔒
6
|
йикӀани
/[jikʼani]/
0
|
букӀани
/[bukˀani]/
🔒
46
|
рукӀани
/[rukˀani]/
🔒
24
|
| Conditional Negative |
вукӀинчӀони
/[wukˀint͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀинчӀони
/[jikʼint͡ʃʼoni]/
0
|
букӀинчӀони
/[bukˀint͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
1
|
рукӀинчӀони
/[rukˀint͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
3
|
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀанищ
/[wukˀaniʃː]/
🔒
10
|
йикӀанищ
/[jikˀaniʃː]/
🔒
4
|
букӀанищ
/[bukˀaniʃː]/
🔒
74
|
рукӀанищ
/[rukˀaniʃː]/
🔒
21
|
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀинчӀищ
/[wukˀint͡ʃˀiʃː]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀинчӀищ
/[jikˀint͡ʃˀiʃː]/
🔒
1
|
букӀинчӀищ
/[bukˀint͡ʃˀiʃː]/
🔒
36
|
рукӀинчӀищ
/[rukˀint͡ʃˀiʃː]/
🔒
5
|
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀунищ
/[wukˀuniʃː]/
🔒
7
|
йикӀунищ
/[jikˀuniʃː]/
🔒
6
|
букӀунищ
/[bukˀuniʃː]/
🔒
54
|
рукӀунищ
/[rukˀuniʃː]/
🔒
24
|
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀунарищ
/[wukʼunariʃː]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀунарищ
/[jikˀunariʃː]/
🔒
1
|
букӀунарищ
/[bukˀunariʃː]/
🔒
13
|
рукӀунарищ
/[rukˀunariʃː]/
🔒
3
|
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀинищ
/[wukˀiniʃː]/
🔒
6
|
йикӀинищ
/[jikʼiniʃː]/
0
|
букӀинищ
/[bukˀiniʃː]/
🔒
41
|
рукӀинищ
/[rukˀiniʃː]/
🔒
5
|
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
вукӀинарищ
/[wukˀinariʃː]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀинарищ
/[jikˀinariʃː]/
🔒
1
|
букӀинарищ
/[bukˀinariʃː]/
🔒
32
|
рукӀинарищ
/[rukˀinariʃː]/
🔒
6
|
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
вукӀарав
/[wukˀaraw]/
🔒
2046
|
йикӀарай
/[jikˀaraj]/
🔒
344
|
букӀараб
/[bukˀarab]/
🔒
4913
|
рукӀарал
/[rukˀaral]/
🔒
2794
|
| Past Participle Negative |
вукӀинчӀев
/[wukˀint͡ʃˀew]/
🔒
31
|
йикӀинчӀей
/[jikˀint͡ʃˀej]/
🔒
14
|
букӀинчӀеб
/[bukˀint͡ʃˀeb]/
🔒
226
|
рукӀинчӀел
/[rukˀint͡ʃˀel]/
🔒
94
|
| Present Participle |
вукӀунев
/[wukˀunew]/
🔒
107
|
йикӀуней
/[jikˀunej]/
🔒
35
|
букӀунеб
/[bukˀuneb]/
🔒
768
|
рукӀунел
/[rukˀunel]/
🔒
308
|
| Present Participle Negative |
вукӀунарев
/[wukˀunarew]/
🔒
7
|
йикӀунарей
/[jikˀunarej]/
🔒
1
|
букӀунареб
/[bukˀunareb]/
🔒
88
|
рукӀунарел
/[rukˀunarel]/
🔒
17
|
| Future Participle |
вукӀинев
/[wukˀinew]/
🔒
29
|
йикӀиней
/[jikˀinej]/
🔒
18
|
букӀинеб
/[bukˀineb]/
🔒
281
|
рукӀинел
/[rukˀinel]/
🔒
70
|
| Future Participle Negative |
вукӀинарев
/[wukʼinarew]/
0
|
йикӀинарей
/[jikʼinarej]/
0
|
букӀинареб
/[bukˀinareb]/
🔒
11
|
рукӀинарел
/[rukˀinarel]/
🔒
1
|
| Intentional Participle |
вукӀинехъин
/[wukˀineq͡χːin]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀинехъин
/[jikʼineq͡χːin]/
0
|
букӀинехъин
/[bukˀineq͡χːin]/
🔒
5
|
рукӀинехъин
/[rukˀineq͡χːin]/
🔒
2
|
| Intentional Participle Negative |
вукӀинехъинро
/[wukʼineq͡χːinro]/
0
|
йикӀинехъинро
/[jikʼineq͡χːinro]/
0
|
букӀинехъинро
/[bukʼineq͡χːinro]/
0
|
рукӀинехъинро
/[rukʼineq͡χːinro]/
0
|
| Optative Participle |
вукӀаяв
/[wukʼajaw]/
0
|
йикӀаяй
/[jikʼajaj]/
0
|
букӀаяб
/[bukʼajab]/
0
|
рукӀаял
/[rukʼajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
вукӀарав
2046
|
йикӀарай
344
|
букӀараб
4913
|
рукӀарал
2794
|
| Ergative |
вукӀарас
16
|
йикӀаралъ
4
|
букӀаралъ
0
|
рукӀараз
62
|
| Genitive |
вукӀарасул
8
|
йикӀаралъул
2
|
букӀаралъул
26
|
рукӀаразул
86
|
| Dative |
вукӀарасе
3
|
йикӀаралъе
0
|
букӀаралъе
1
|
рукӀаразе
31
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
вукӀарасда
3
|
йикӀаралъда
0
|
букӀаралъда
0
|
рукӀаразда
58
|
| Allative (-де) |
вукӀарасде
0
|
йикӀаралъде
0
|
букӀаралъде
0
|
рукӀаразде
3
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
вукӀарасдаса
1
|
йикӀаралъдаса
0
|
букӀаралъдаса
0
|
рукӀараздаса
7
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
вукӀарасдасан
0
|
йикӀаралъдасан
0
|
букӀаралъдасан
0
|
рукӀараздасан
4
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
вукӀарасухъ
0
|
йикӀаралъухъ
0
|
букӀаралъухъ
1
|
рукӀаразухъ
1
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
вукӀарасухъе
0
|
йикӀаралъухъе
0
|
букӀаралъухъе
0
|
рукӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
вукӀарасухъа
0
|
йикӀаралъухъа
0
|
букӀаралъухъа
0
|
рукӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
вукӀарасухъан
0
|
йикӀаралъухъан
0
|
букӀаралъухъан
0
|
рукӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
вукӀарасулъ
0
|
йикӀаралъулъ
0
|
букӀаралъулъ
0
|
рукӀаразулъ
1
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
вукӀарасулъе
0
|
йикӀаралъулъе
0
|
букӀаралъулъе
0
|
рукӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
вукӀарасулъа
0
|
йикӀаралъулъа
0
|
букӀаралъулъа
0
|
рукӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
вукӀарасулъан
0
|
йикӀаралъулъан
0
|
букӀаралъулъан
0
|
рукӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
вукӀарасукь
0
|
йикӀаралъукь
0
|
букӀаралъукь
0
|
рукӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
вукӀарасукье
0
|
йикӀаралъукье
0
|
букӀаралъукье
0
|
рукӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
вукӀарасукьа
0
|
йикӀаралъукьа
0
|
букӀаралъукьа
0
|
рукӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
вукӀарасукьан
0
|
йикӀаралъукьан
0
|
букӀаралъукьан
0
|
рукӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
вукӀун
/[wukˀun]/
🔒
1327
|
йикӀун
/[jikʼun]/
🔒
264
|
букӀун
/[bukˀun]/
🔒
3281
|
рукӀун
/[rukˀun]/
🔒
1518
|
| Adverbial Past |
вукӀун
/[wukʼun]/
🔒
1327
|
йикӀун
/[jikʼun]/
🔒
264
|
букӀун
/[bukʼun]/
🔒
3281
|
рукӀун
/[rukʼun]/
🔒
1518
|
| Adverbial Past Negative |
вукӀинчӀого
/[wukˀint͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
27
|
йикӀинчӀого
/[jikˀint͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
8
|
букӀинчӀого
/[bukˀint͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
59
|
рукӀинчӀого
/[rukˀint͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
66
|
| Adverbial General |
вукӀунаго
/[wukʼunago]/
0
|
йикӀунаго
/[jikʼunago]/
0
|
букӀунаго
/[bukʼunago]/
0
|
рукӀунаго
/[rukʼunago]/
0
|
| Adverbial General Negative |
вукӀунарого
/[wukˀunarogo]/
🔒
1
|
йикӀунарого
/[jikˀunarogo]/
🔒
1
|
букӀунарого
/[bukˀunarogo]/
🔒
1
|
рукӀунарого
/[rukˀunarogo]/
🔒
1
|
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
вукӀин
/[wukˀin]/
🔒
714
|
йикӀин
/[jikˀin]/
🔒
136
|
букӀин
/[bukˀin]/
🔒
2861
|
рукӀин
/[rukˀin]/
🔒
1222
|
| Infinitive |
вукӀине
/[wukˀine]/
🔒
700
|
йикӀине
/[jikˀine]/
🔒
128
|
букӀине
/[bukˀine]/
🔒
3836
|
рукӀине
/[rukˀine]/
🔒
1797
|
| Causative |
вукӀинавизе
/[wukʼinawize]/
🔒
2
|
йикӀинайизе
/[jikʼinajize]/
0
|
букӀинабизе
/[bukˀinabize]/
🔒
113
|
рукӀинаризе
/[rukʼinarize]/
🔒
20
|
| Causative Negative |
вукӀинавуларо
/[wukʼinawularo]/
0
|
йикӀинайуларо
/[jikʼinajularo]/
🔒
0
йикӀинаюларо
🔒
0
|
букӀинабуларо
/[bukʼinabularo]/
0
|
рукӀинаруларо
/[rukʼinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
вукӀиаризе
/[wukʼijarize]/
0
|
йикӀиаризе
/[jikʼijarize]/
0
|
букӀиаризе
/[bukʼijarize]/
0
|
рукӀиаризе
/[rukʼijarize]/
0
|
| Durative Negative |
вукӀиариларо
/[wukʼijarilaro]/
0
|
йикӀиариларо
/[jikʼijarilaro]/
0
|
букӀиариларо
/[bukʼijarilaro]/
0
|
рукӀиариларо
/[rukʼijarilaro]/
0
|
| Frequentative |
вукӀ-вукӀине
/[wukʼ-wukʼine]/
0
|
йикӀ-йикӀине
/[jikʼ-jikʼine]/
0
|
букӀ-букӀине
/[bukʼ-bukʼine]/
0
|
рукӀ-рукӀине
/[rukʼ-rukʼine]/
0
|
| Frequentative Negative |
вукӀ-вукӀинаро
/[wukʼ-wukʼinaro]/
0
|
йикӀ-йикӀинаро
/[jikʼ-jikʼinaro]/
0
|
букӀ-букӀинаро
/[bukʼ-bukʼinaro]/
0
|
рукӀ-рукӀинаро
/[rukʼ-rukʼinaro]/
0
|