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Russian
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English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 4
ASCII: ghartl'akhine
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
173256
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunew wugo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunej jigo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχuneb bugo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχuneb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
гӀаркьахана
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
гӀаркьахинчӀо
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχint͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
гӀаркьахина
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχina]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
гӀаркьахинаро
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχinaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
гӀаркьахуна
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχuna]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
гӀаркьахунаро
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχunaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
гӀаркьахунаан
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
гӀаркьахунароан
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
гӀаркьаха
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
гӀаркьахунге
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχunge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
гӀаркьахаги
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
гӀаркьахунгеги
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχungegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
гӀаркьахинин
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinin]
🔒
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
гӀаркьахани
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
гӀаркьахинчӀони
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχint͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьаханищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьахинчӀищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχint͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьахунищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχuniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьахунарищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχunariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьахинищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχiniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гӀаркьахинарищ
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχinariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
гӀаркьахарав
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχaraw]/
🔒
0
|
гӀаркьахарай
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχaraj]/
0
|
гӀаркьахараб
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχarab]/
🔒
1
|
гӀаркьахарал
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχaral]/
🔒
2
|
| Past Participle Negative |
гӀаркьахинчӀев
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχint͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинчӀей
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχint͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинчӀеб
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχint͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинчӀел
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχint͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
гӀаркьахунев
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunew]/
0
|
гӀаркьахуней
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunej]/
0
|
гӀаркьахунеб
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχuneb]/
0
|
гӀаркьахунел
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
гӀаркьахунарев
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunarew]/
0
|
гӀаркьахунарей
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunarej]/
0
|
гӀаркьахунареб
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunareb]/
0
|
гӀаркьахунарел
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
гӀаркьахинев
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinew]/
0
|
гӀаркьахиней
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinej]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинеб
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχineb]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинел
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
гӀаркьахинарев
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinarew]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинарей
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinarej]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинареб
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinareb]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинарел
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
гӀаркьахинехъин
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχineq͡χːin]
🔒
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
гӀаркьахинехъинро
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχineq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
гӀаркьахаяв
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχajaw]/
0
|
гӀаркьахаяй
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχajaj]/
0
|
гӀаркьахаяб
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχajab]/
0
|
гӀаркьахаял
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
гӀаркьахарав
0
|
гӀаркьахарай
0
|
гӀаркьахараб
1
|
гӀаркьахарал
2
|
| Ergative |
гӀаркьахарас
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъ
0
|
гӀаркьахараз
0
|
| Genitive |
гӀаркьахарасул
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъул
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъул
0
|
гӀаркьахаразул
0
|
| Dative |
гӀаркьахарасе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
гӀаркьахарасда
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъда
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъда
0
|
гӀаркьахаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
гӀаркьахарасде
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъде
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъде
0
|
гӀаркьахаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
гӀаркьахарасдаса
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъдаса
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъдаса
0
|
гӀаркьахараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
гӀаркьахарасдасан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъдасан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъдасан
0
|
гӀаркьахараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
гӀаркьахарасухъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
гӀаркьахарасухъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
гӀаркьахарасухъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
гӀаркьахарасухъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъухъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
гӀаркьахарасулъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъ
0
|
гӀаркьахаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
гӀаркьахарасулъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъе
0
|
гӀаркьахаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
гӀаркьахарасулъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъа
0
|
гӀаркьахаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
гӀаркьахарасулъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъулъан
0
|
гӀаркьахаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
гӀаркьахарасукь
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукь
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукь
0
|
гӀаркьахаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
гӀаркьахарасукье
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукье
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукье
0
|
гӀаркьахаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
гӀаркьахарасукьа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукьа
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукьа
0
|
гӀаркьахаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
гӀаркьахарасукьан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукьан
0
|
гӀаркьахаралъукьан
0
|
гӀаркьахаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
гӀаркьахун
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχun]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
гӀаркьахун
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχun]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
гӀаркьахинчӀого
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχint͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
гӀаркьахунаго
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχunago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
гӀаркьахунарого
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχunarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
гӀаркьахин
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχin]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
гӀаркьахине
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχine]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
гӀаркьахинавизе
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinawize]/
🔒
0
|
гӀаркьахинайизе
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinajize]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинабизе
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinabize]/
🔒
0
|
гӀаркьахинаризе
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
гӀаркьахинавуларо
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinawularo]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинайуларо
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinajularo]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинабуларо
/[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχinabularo]/
0
|
гӀаркьахинаруларо
/[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
гӀаркьаханхъизе
[ʕart͡ɬʼːaχanq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
гӀаркьаханхъиларо
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχanq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
гӀаркьах-гӀаркьахине
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχ-ʕart͡ɬˀːaχine]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
гӀаркьах-гӀаркьахинаро
[ʕart͡ɬˀːaχ-ʕart͡ɬˀːaχinaro]
0
|
|||