Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
вложить; освобождаться; освобождать, пускать; выпускать; отпускать; разрешать; запускать (мотор); распространять (слух); издавать (газету); случать (животных)
выбросить
выметать
выпустить
допускаться
допустить
задёрнуть
запустить
испустить
описаться
опустить
ослабить
отпустить
перелить
подключить
посветлеть
посторониться
припустить
проиграть
пропустить
пустить
разрешаться
устремить
English
to be freed; to release, to let go; to let out; to let in; to permit; to start (an engine); to spread (a rumor); to publish; to mate (animals)
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Class-based
Yes
Phonology
Pattern:
CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: bichchaze
Transitivity
Ambitransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
Yes
Verb Class
Class III
System Information
Database ID
173998
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
519
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
виччана
/[wit͡ʃːana]/
🔒
35
|
йиччана
/[jit͡ʃːana]/
🔒
15
|
биччана
/[bit͡ʃːana]/
🔒
235
|
риччана
/[rit͡ʃːana]/
🔒
110
|
| Past Simple Negative |
виччачӀо
/[wit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
28
|
йиччачӀо
/[jit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
5
|
биччачӀо
/[bit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
66
|
риччачӀо
/[rit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
31
|
| Future Simple |
виччала
/[wit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
13
|
йиччала
/[jit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
1
|
биччала
/[bit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
58
|
риччала
/[rit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
46
|
| Future Simple Negative |
виччаларо
/[wit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
21
|
йиччаларо
/[jit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
4
|
биччаларо
/[bit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
47
|
риччаларо
/[rit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
22
|
| Constative |
виччала
/[wit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
13
|
йиччала
/[jit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
1
|
биччала
/[bit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
58
|
риччала
/[rit͡ʃːala]/
🔒
46
|
| Constative Negative |
виччаларо
/[wit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
21
|
йиччаларо
/[jit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
4
|
биччаларо
/[bit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
47
|
риччаларо
/[rit͡ʃːalaro]/
🔒
22
|
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
виччалаан
/[wit͡ʃːalajan]/
🔒
3
|
йиччалаан
/[jit͡ʃːalajan]/
0
|
биччалаан
/[bit͡ʃːalajan]/
🔒
15
|
риччалаан
/[rit͡ʃːalajan]/
🔒
11
|
| Remote Past Negative |
виччалароан
/[wit͡ʃːalarojan]/
🔒
6
|
йиччалароан
/[jit͡ʃːalarojan]/
🔒
1
|
биччалароан
/[bit͡ʃːalarojan]/
🔒
31
|
риччалароан
/[rit͡ʃːalarojan]/
🔒
15
|
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
вичча
/[wit͡ʃːa]/
🔒
1
|
йичча
/[jit͡ʃːa]/
0
|
бичча
/[bit͡ʃːa]/
🔒
31
|
ричча
/[rit͡ʃːa]/
🔒
10
|
| Imp Alt |
виччай
0
(generated)
|
йиччай
0
(generated)
|
биччай
🔒
108
|
риччай
0
(generated)
|
| Prohibitive |
виччаге
/[wit͡ʃːage]/
🔒
6
|
йиччаге
/[jit͡ʃːage]/
0
|
биччаге
/[bit͡ʃːage]/
🔒
40
|
риччаге
/[rit͡ʃːage]/
🔒
10
|
| Optative |
виччаги
/[wit͡ʃːagi]/
0
|
йиччаги
/[jit͡ʃːagi]/
0
|
биччаги
/[bit͡ʃːagi]/
🔒
0
|
риччаги
/[rit͡ʃːagi]/
0
|
| Prohibitive Optative |
виччагеги
/[wit͡ʃːagegi]/
0
|
йиччагеги
/[jit͡ʃːagegi]/
0
|
биччагеги
/[bit͡ʃːagegi]/
🔒
1
|
риччагеги
/[rit͡ʃːagegi]/
🔒
3
|
| Hortative |
виччазин
/[wit͡ʃːazin]/
0
|
йиччазин
/[jit͡ʃːazin]/
0
|
биччазин
/[bit͡ʃːazin]/
0
|
риччазин
/[rit͡ʃːazin]/
0
|
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
виччани
/[wit͡ʃːani]/
🔒
2
|
йиччани
/[jit͡ʃːani]/
0
|
биччани
/[bit͡ʃːani]/
🔒
110
|
риччани
/[rit͡ʃːani]/
🔒
10
|
| Conditional Negative |
виччачӀони
/[wit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
2
|
йиччачӀони
/[jit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
1
|
биччачӀони
/[bit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
4
|
риччачӀони
/[rit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀoni]/
🔒
3
|
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
виччанищ
/[wit͡ʃːaniʃː]/
0
|
йиччанищ
/[jit͡ʃːaniʃː]/
0
|
биччанищ
/[bit͡ʃːaniʃː]/
0
|
риччанищ
/[rit͡ʃːaniʃː]/
🔒
1
|
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
виччачӀищ
/[wit͡ʃːat͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
йиччачӀищ
/[jit͡ʃːat͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
биччачӀищ
/[bit͡ʃːat͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
риччачӀищ
/[rit͡ʃːat͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
виччалищ
/[wit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
🔒
1
|
йиччалищ
/[jit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
0
|
биччалищ
/[bit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
0
|
риччалищ
/[rit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
🔒
5
|
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
виччаларищ
/[wit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
йиччаларищ
/[jit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
биччаларищ
/[bit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
риччаларищ
/[rit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
виччалищ
/[wit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
🔒
1
|
йиччалищ
/[jit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
0
|
биччалищ
/[bit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
0
|
риччалищ
/[rit͡ʃːaliʃː]/
🔒
5
|
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
виччаларищ
/[wit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
йиччаларищ
/[jit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
биччаларищ
/[bit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
риччаларищ
/[rit͡ʃːalariʃː]/
0
|
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
виччарав
/[wit͡ʃːaraw]/
🔒
41
|
йиччарай
/[jit͡ʃːaraj]/
🔒
13
|
биччараб
/[bit͡ʃːarab]/
🔒
514
|
риччарал
/[rit͡ʃːaral]/
🔒
153
|
| Past Participle Negative |
виччачӀев
/[wit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀew]/
🔒
3
|
йиччачӀей
/[jit͡ʃːat͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
биччачӀеб
/[bit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀeb]/
🔒
5
|
риччачӀел
/[rit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀel]/
🔒
3
|
| Present Participle |
виччалев
/[wit͡ʃːalew]/
🔒
45
|
йиччалей
/[jit͡ʃːalej]/
🔒
5
|
биччалеб
/[bit͡ʃːaleb]/
🔒
391
|
риччалел
/[rit͡ʃːalel]/
🔒
234
|
| Present Participle Negative |
виччаларев
/[wit͡ʃːalarew]/
🔒
10
|
йиччаларей
/[jit͡ʃːalarej]/
0
|
биччалареб
/[bit͡ʃːalareb]/
🔒
16
|
риччаларел
/[rit͡ʃːalarel]/
🔒
5
|
| Future Participle |
виччалев
/[wit͡ʃːalew]/
🔒
45
|
йиччалей
/[jit͡ʃːalej]/
🔒
5
|
биччалеб
/[bit͡ʃːaleb]/
🔒
391
|
риччалел
/[rit͡ʃːalel]/
🔒
234
|
| Future Participle Negative |
виччаларев
/[wit͡ʃːalarew]/
🔒
10
|
йиччаларей
/[jit͡ʃːalarej]/
0
|
биччалареб
/[bit͡ʃːalareb]/
🔒
16
|
риччаларел
/[rit͡ʃːalarel]/
🔒
5
|
| Intentional Participle |
виччазехъин
/[wit͡ʃːazeq͡χːin]/
0
|
йиччазехъин
/[jit͡ʃːazeq͡χːin]/
0
|
биччазехъин
/[bit͡ʃːazeq͡χːin]/
🔒
10
|
риччазехъин
/[rit͡ʃːazeq͡χːin]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle Negative |
виччазехъинро
/[wit͡ʃːazeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
йиччазехъинро
/[jit͡ʃːazeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
биччазехъинро
/[bit͡ʃːazeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
риччазехъинро
/[rit͡ʃːazeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
| Optative Participle |
виччаяв
/[wit͡ʃːajaw]/
0
|
йиччаяй
/[jit͡ʃːajaj]/
0
|
биччаяб
/[bit͡ʃːajab]/
0
|
риччаял
/[rit͡ʃːajal]/
🔒
1
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
виччарав
41
|
йиччарай
13
|
биччараб
514
|
риччарал
153
|
| Ergative |
виччарас
0
|
йиччаралъ
0
|
биччаралъ
0
|
риччараз
2
|
| Genitive |
виччарасул
0
|
йиччаралъул
0
|
биччаралъул
0
|
риччаразул
1
|
| Dative |
виччарасе
0
|
йиччаралъе
0
|
биччаралъе
0
|
риччаразе
1
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
виччарасда
0
|
йиччаралъда
0
|
биччаралъда
0
|
риччаразда
2
|
| Allative (-де) |
виччарасде
0
|
йиччаралъде
0
|
биччаралъде
0
|
риччаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
виччарасдаса
0
|
йиччаралъдаса
0
|
биччаралъдаса
0
|
риччараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
виччарасдасан
0
|
йиччаралъдасан
0
|
биччаралъдасан
0
|
риччараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
виччарасухъ
0
|
йиччаралъухъ
0
|
биччаралъухъ
6
|
риччаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
виччарасухъе
0
|
йиччаралъухъе
0
|
биччаралъухъе
0
|
риччаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
виччарасухъа
0
|
йиччаралъухъа
0
|
биччаралъухъа
0
|
риччаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
виччарасухъан
0
|
йиччаралъухъан
0
|
биччаралъухъан
0
|
риччаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
виччарасулъ
0
|
йиччаралъулъ
0
|
биччаралъулъ
0
|
риччаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
виччарасулъе
0
|
йиччаралъулъе
0
|
биччаралъулъе
0
|
риччаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
виччарасулъа
0
|
йиччаралъулъа
0
|
биччаралъулъа
0
|
риччаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
виччарасулъан
0
|
йиччаралъулъан
0
|
биччаралъулъан
0
|
риччаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
виччарасукь
0
|
йиччаралъукь
0
|
биччаралъукь
0
|
риччаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
виччарасукье
0
|
йиччаралъукье
0
|
биччаралъукье
0
|
риччаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
виччарасукьа
0
|
йиччаралъукьа
0
|
биччаралъукьа
0
|
риччаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
виччарасукьан
0
|
йиччаралъукьан
0
|
биччаралъукьан
0
|
риччаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
виччан
/[wit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
126
|
йиччан
/[jit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
27
|
биччан
/[bit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
669
|
риччан
/[rit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
225
|
| Adverbial Past |
виччан
/[wit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
126
|
йиччан
/[jit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
27
|
биччан
/[bit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
669
|
риччан
/[rit͡ʃːan]/
🔒
225
|
| Adverbial Past Negative |
виччачӀого
/[wit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
17
|
йиччачӀого
/[jit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
1
|
биччачӀого
/[bit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
152
|
риччачӀого
/[rit͡ʃːat͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
51
|
| Adverbial General |
виччалаго
/[wit͡ʃːalago]/
0
|
йиччалаго
/[jit͡ʃːalago]/
0
|
биччалаго
/[bit͡ʃːalago]/
🔒
7
|
риччалаго
/[rit͡ʃːalago]/
🔒
3
|
| Adverbial General Negative |
виччаларого
/[wit͡ʃːalarogo]/
🔒
2
|
йиччаларого
/[jit͡ʃːalarogo]/
0
|
биччаларого
/[bit͡ʃːalarogo]/
🔒
4
|
риччаларого
/[rit͡ʃːalarogo]/
🔒
7
|
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
виччай
/[wit͡ʃːaj]/
🔒
21
|
йиччай
/[jit͡ʃːaj]/
🔒
3
|
биччай
/[bit͡ʃːaj]/
🔒
108
|
риччай
/[rit͡ʃːaj]/
🔒
52
|
| Infinitive |
виччазе
/[wit͡ʃːaze]/
🔒
42
|
йиччазе
/[jit͡ʃːaze]/
🔒
9
|
биччазе
/[bit͡ʃːaze]/
🔒
519
|
риччазе
/[rit͡ʃːaze]/
🔒
149
|
| Causative |
виччазавизе
/[wit͡ʃːazawize]/
🔒
6
|
йиччазайизе
/[jit͡ʃːazajize]/
🔒
4
|
биччазабизе
/[bit͡ʃːazabize]/
🔒
6
|
риччазаризе
/[rit͡ʃːazarize]/
🔒
5
|
| Causative Negative |
виччазавуларо
/[wit͡ʃːazawularo]/
0
|
йиччазайуларо
/[jit͡ʃːazajularo]/
0
|
биччазабуларо
/[bit͡ʃːazabularo]/
0
|
риччазаруларо
/[rit͡ʃːazarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
виччааризе
/[wit͡ʃːajarize]/
0
|
йиччааризе
/[jit͡ʃːajarize]/
0
|
биччааризе
/[bit͡ʃːajarize]/
0
|
риччааризе
/[rit͡ʃːajarize]/
0
|
| Durative Negative |
виччаариларо
/[wit͡ʃːajarilaro]/
0
|
йиччаариларо
/[jit͡ʃːajarilaro]/
0
|
биччаариларо
/[bit͡ʃːajarilaro]/
0
|
риччаариларо
/[rit͡ʃːajarilaro]/
0
|
| Frequentative |
вичча-виччазе
/[wit͡ʃːa-wit͡ʃːaze]/
0
|
йичча-йиччазе
/[jit͡ʃːa-jit͡ʃːaze]/
0
|
бичча-биччазе
/[bit͡ʃːa-bit͡ʃːaze]/
0
|
ричча-риччазе
/[rit͡ʃːa-rit͡ʃːaze]/
0
|
| Frequentative Negative |
вичча-виччаларо
/[wit͡ʃːa-wit͡ʃːalaro]/
0
|
йичча-йиччаларо
/[jit͡ʃːa-jit͡ʃːalaro]/
0
|
бичча-биччаларо
/[bit͡ʃːa-bit͡ʃːalaro]/
0
|
ричча-риччаларо
/[rit͡ʃːa-rit͡ʃːalaro]/
0
|