Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
забрызгать
надушить
окропить
опрыскать
побрызгать
попрыскать
разбрызгать
распылить
спринцевать
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: punqize
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
181576
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
3
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
пунхъана
[punq͡χːana]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
пунхъичӀо
[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
пунхъила
[punq͡χːila]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
пунхъиларо
[punq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
пунхъула
[punq͡χːula]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
пунхъуларо
[punq͡χːularo]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
пунхъулаан
[punq͡χːulajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
пунхъулароан
[punq͡χːularojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
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Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
пунхъе
[punq͡χːe]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
пунхъуге
[punq͡χːuge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
пунхъеги
[punq͡χːegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
пунхъугеги
[punq͡χːugegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
пунхъизин
[punq͡χːizin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
пунхъани
[punq͡χːani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
пунхъичӀони
[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъанищ
[punq͡χːaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъичӀищ
[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъулищ
[punq͡χːuliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъуларищ
[punq͡χːulariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъилищ
[punq͡χːiliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
пунхъиларищ
[punq͡χːilariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
пунхъарав
/[punq͡χːaraw]/
0
|
пунхъарай
/[punq͡χːaraj]/
0
|
пунхъараб
/[punq͡χːarab]/
0
|
пунхъарал
/[punq͡χːaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
пунхъичӀев
/[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
пунхъичӀей
/[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
пунхъичӀеб
/[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
пунхъичӀел
/[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
пунхъулев
/[punq͡χːulew]/
0
|
пунхъулей
/[punq͡χːulej]/
0
|
пунхъулеб
/[punq͡χːuleb]/
🔒
1
|
пунхъулел
/[punq͡χːulel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
пунхъуларев
/[punq͡χːularew]/
0
|
пунхъуларей
/[punq͡χːularej]/
0
|
пунхъулареб
/[punq͡χːulareb]/
0
|
пунхъуларел
/[punq͡χːularel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
пунхъилев
/[punq͡χːilew]/
0
|
пунхъилей
/[punq͡χːilej]/
0
|
пунхъилеб
/[punq͡χːileb]/
0
|
пунхъилел
/[punq͡χːilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
пунхъиларев
/[punq͡χːilarew]/
0
|
пунхъиларей
/[punq͡χːilarej]/
0
|
пунхъилареб
/[punq͡χːilareb]/
0
|
пунхъиларел
/[punq͡χːilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
пунхъизехъин
[punq͡χːizeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
пунхъизехъинро
[punq͡χːizeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
пунхъеяв
/[punq͡χːejaw]/
0
|
пунхъеяй
/[punq͡χːejaj]/
0
|
пунхъеяб
/[punq͡χːejab]/
0
|
пунхъеял
/[punq͡χːejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
пунхъарав
0
|
пунхъарай
0
|
пунхъараб
0
|
пунхъарал
0
|
| Ergative |
пунхъарас
0
|
пунхъаралъ
0
|
пунхъаралъ
0
|
пунхъараз
0
|
| Genitive |
пунхъарасул
0
|
пунхъаралъул
0
|
пунхъаралъул
0
|
пунхъаразул
0
|
| Dative |
пунхъарасе
0
|
пунхъаралъе
0
|
пунхъаралъе
0
|
пунхъаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
пунхъарасда
0
|
пунхъаралъда
0
|
пунхъаралъда
0
|
пунхъаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
пунхъарасде
0
|
пунхъаралъде
0
|
пунхъаралъде
0
|
пунхъаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
пунхъарасдаса
0
|
пунхъаралъдаса
0
|
пунхъаралъдаса
0
|
пунхъараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
пунхъарасдасан
0
|
пунхъаралъдасан
0
|
пунхъаралъдасан
0
|
пунхъараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
пунхъарасухъ
0
|
пунхъаралъухъ
0
|
пунхъаралъухъ
0
|
пунхъаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
пунхъарасухъе
0
|
пунхъаралъухъе
0
|
пунхъаралъухъе
0
|
пунхъаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
пунхъарасухъа
0
|
пунхъаралъухъа
0
|
пунхъаралъухъа
0
|
пунхъаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
пунхъарасухъан
0
|
пунхъаралъухъан
0
|
пунхъаралъухъан
0
|
пунхъаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
пунхъарасулъ
0
|
пунхъаралъулъ
0
|
пунхъаралъулъ
0
|
пунхъаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
пунхъарасулъе
0
|
пунхъаралъулъе
0
|
пунхъаралъулъе
0
|
пунхъаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
пунхъарасулъа
0
|
пунхъаралъулъа
0
|
пунхъаралъулъа
0
|
пунхъаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
пунхъарасулъан
0
|
пунхъаралъулъан
0
|
пунхъаралъулъан
0
|
пунхъаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
пунхъарасукь
0
|
пунхъаралъукь
0
|
пунхъаралъукь
0
|
пунхъаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
пунхъарасукье
0
|
пунхъаралъукье
0
|
пунхъаралъукье
0
|
пунхъаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
пунхъарасукьа
0
|
пунхъаралъукьа
0
|
пунхъаралъукьа
0
|
пунхъаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
пунхъарасукьан
0
|
пунхъаралъукьан
0
|
пунхъаралъукьан
0
|
пунхъаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
пунхъун
[punq͡χːun]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
пунхъун
[punq͡χːun]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
пунхъичӀого
[punq͡χːit͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
пунхъулаго
[punq͡χːulago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
пунхъуларого
[punq͡χːularogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
пунхъи
[punq͡χːi]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Infinitive |
пунхъизе
[punq͡χːize]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Causative |
пунхъизавизе
/[punq͡χːizawize]/
0
|
пунхъизайизе
/[punq͡χːizajize]/
0
|
пунхъизабизе
/[punq͡χːizabize]/
0
|
пунхъизаризе
/[punq͡χːizarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
пунхъизавуларо
/[punq͡χːizawularo]/
0
|
пунхъизайуларо
/[punq͡χːizajularo]/
0
|
пунхъизабуларо
/[punq͡χːizabularo]/
0
|
пунхъизаруларо
/[punq͡χːizarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
пунхъиаризе
[punq͡χːijarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
пунхъиариларо
[punq͡χːijarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
пунхъ-пунхъизе
[punq͡χː-punq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
пунхъ-пунхъиларо
[punq͡χː-punq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||