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🌐 Translations
Russian
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проучиться
учиться
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: ts'aldeze
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
183190
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
37
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
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|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
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| Past Simple |
цӀалдена
[t͡sˀaldena]
0
|
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| Past Simple Negative |
цӀалдечӀо
[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
цӀалдела
[t͡sˀaldela]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
цӀалделаро
[t͡sˀaldelaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
цӀалдола
[t͡sˀaldola]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
цӀалдоларо
[t͡sˀaldolaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
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| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
цӀалдолаан
[t͡sʼaldolajan]
🔒
7
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
цӀалдолароан
[t͡sʼaldolarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
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Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
цӀалде
[t͡sˀalde]
🔒
7
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
цӀалдоге
[t͡sˀaldoge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
цӀалдеги
[t͡sʼaldegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
цӀалдогеги
[t͡sˀaldogegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
цӀалдезин
[t͡sˀaldezin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
цӀалдени
[t͡sˀaldeni]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
цӀалдечӀони
[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалденищ
[t͡sˀaldeniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалдечӀищ
[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалдолищ
[t͡sˀaldoliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалдоларищ
[t͡sˀaldolariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалделищ
[t͡sˀaldeliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀалделарищ
[t͡sˀaldelariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
цӀалдерав
/[t͡sˀalderaw]/
0
|
цӀалдерай
/[t͡sˀalderaj]/
0
|
цӀалдераб
/[t͡sˀalderab]/
0
|
цӀалдерал
/[t͡sˀalderal]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
цӀалдечӀев
/[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
цӀалдечӀей
/[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
цӀалдечӀеб
/[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
цӀалдечӀел
/[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
цӀалдолев
/[t͡sˀaldolew]/
🔒
26
|
цӀалдолей
/[t͡sˀaldolej]/
🔒
0
|
цӀалдолеб
/[t͡sˀaldoleb]/
🔒
5
|
цӀалдолел
/[t͡sˀaldolel]/
🔒
54
|
| Present Participle Negative |
цӀалдоларев
/[t͡sˀaldolarew]/
0
|
цӀалдоларей
/[t͡sˀaldolarej]/
0
|
цӀалдолареб
/[t͡sˀaldolareb]/
0
|
цӀалдоларел
/[t͡sˀaldolarel]/
🔒
1
|
| Future Participle |
цӀалделев
/[t͡sˀaldelew]/
🔒
1
|
цӀалделей
/[t͡sˀaldelej]/
0
|
цӀалделеб
/[t͡sˀaldeleb]/
0
|
цӀалделел
/[t͡sˀaldelel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
цӀалделарев
/[t͡sˀaldelarew]/
0
|
цӀалделарей
/[t͡sˀaldelarej]/
0
|
цӀалделареб
/[t͡sˀaldelareb]/
0
|
цӀалделарел
/[t͡sˀaldelarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
цӀалдезехъин
[t͡sˀaldezeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
цӀалдезехъинро
[t͡sˀaldezeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
цӀалдеяв
/[t͡sˀaldejaw]/
0
|
цӀалдеяй
/[t͡sˀaldejaj]/
0
|
цӀалдеяб
/[t͡sˀaldejab]/
0
|
цӀалдеял
/[t͡sʼaldejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
цӀалдерав
0
|
цӀалдерай
0
|
цӀалдераб
0
|
цӀалдерал
0
|
| Ergative |
цӀалдерас
0
|
цӀалдералъ
0
|
цӀалдералъ
0
|
цӀалдераз
0
|
| Genitive |
цӀалдерасул
0
|
цӀалдералъул
0
|
цӀалдералъул
0
|
цӀалдеразул
0
|
| Dative |
цӀалдерасе
0
|
цӀалдералъе
0
|
цӀалдералъе
0
|
цӀалдеразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
цӀалдерасда
0
|
цӀалдералъда
0
|
цӀалдералъда
0
|
цӀалдеразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
цӀалдерасде
0
|
цӀалдералъде
0
|
цӀалдералъде
0
|
цӀалдеразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
цӀалдерасдаса
0
|
цӀалдералъдаса
0
|
цӀалдералъдаса
0
|
цӀалдераздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
цӀалдерасдасан
0
|
цӀалдералъдасан
0
|
цӀалдералъдасан
0
|
цӀалдераздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
цӀалдерасухъ
0
|
цӀалдералъухъ
0
|
цӀалдералъухъ
0
|
цӀалдеразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
цӀалдерасухъе
0
|
цӀалдералъухъе
0
|
цӀалдералъухъе
0
|
цӀалдеразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
цӀалдерасухъа
0
|
цӀалдералъухъа
0
|
цӀалдералъухъа
0
|
цӀалдеразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
цӀалдерасухъан
0
|
цӀалдералъухъан
0
|
цӀалдералъухъан
0
|
цӀалдеразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
цӀалдерасулъ
0
|
цӀалдералъулъ
0
|
цӀалдералъулъ
0
|
цӀалдеразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
цӀалдерасулъе
0
|
цӀалдералъулъе
0
|
цӀалдералъулъе
0
|
цӀалдеразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
цӀалдерасулъа
0
|
цӀалдералъулъа
0
|
цӀалдералъулъа
0
|
цӀалдеразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
цӀалдерасулъан
0
|
цӀалдералъулъан
0
|
цӀалдералъулъан
0
|
цӀалдеразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
цӀалдерасукь
0
|
цӀалдералъукь
0
|
цӀалдералъукь
0
|
цӀалдеразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
цӀалдерасукье
0
|
цӀалдералъукье
0
|
цӀалдералъукье
0
|
цӀалдеразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
цӀалдерасукьа
0
|
цӀалдералъукьа
0
|
цӀалдералъукьа
0
|
цӀалдеразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
цӀалдерасукьан
0
|
цӀалдералъукьан
0
|
цӀалдералъукьан
0
|
цӀалдеразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
цӀалдон
[t͡sʼaldon]
🔒
8
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
цӀалдон
[t͡sˀaldon]
🔒
8
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
цӀалдечӀого
[t͡sˀaldet͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
цӀалдолаго
[t͡sˀaldolago]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
цӀалдоларого
[t͡sˀaldolarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
цӀалдей
[t͡sˀaldej]
🔒
6
|
|||
| Infinitive |
цӀалдезе
[t͡sˀaldeze]
🔒
37
|
|||
| Causative |
цӀалдезавизе
/[t͡sʼaldezawize]/
0
|
цӀалдезайизе
/[t͡sʼaldezajize]/
0
|
цӀалдезабизе
/[t͡sˀaldezabize]/
0
|
цӀалдезаризе
/[t͡sʼaldezarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
цӀалдезавуларо
/[t͡sʼaldezawularo]/
0
|
цӀалдезайуларо
/[t͡sʼaldezajularo]/
0
|
цӀалдезабуларо
/[t͡sˀaldezabularo]/
0
|
цӀалдезаруларо
/[t͡sʼaldezarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
цӀалдеаризе
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
—
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
цӀалд-цӀалдезе
[t͡sˀald-t͡sˀaldeze]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
цӀалд-цӀалделаро
[t͡sˀald-t͡sˀaldelaro]
0
|
|||