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📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CCVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: chverdeze
Transitivity
Ambitransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
186329
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
75
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
чвердена
[t͡ʃwerdena]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
чвердечӀо
[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
чвердела
[t͡ʃwerdela]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
чверделаро
[t͡ʃwerdelaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
чвердола
[t͡ʃwerdola]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
чвердоларо
[t͡ʃwerdolaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
чвердолаан
[t͡ʃwerdolajan]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
чвердолароан
[t͡ʃwerdolarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
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Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
чверде
[t͡ʃwerde]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
чвердоге
[t͡ʃwerdoge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
чвердеги
[t͡ʃwerdegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
чвердогеги
[t͡ʃwerdogegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
чвердезин
[t͡ʃwerdezin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
чвердени
[t͡ʃwerdeni]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
чвердечӀони
[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
чверденищ
[t͡ʃwerdeniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чвердечӀищ
[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
чвердолищ
[t͡ʃwerdoliʃː]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
чвердоларищ
[t͡ʃwerdolariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
чверделищ
[t͡ʃwerdeliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чверделарищ
[t͡ʃwerdelariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
чвердерав
/[t͡ʃwerderaw]/
0
|
чвердерай
/[t͡ʃwerderaj]/
0
|
чвердераб
/[t͡ʃwerderab]/
0
|
чвердерал
/[t͡ʃwerderal]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
чвердечӀев
/[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
чвердечӀей
/[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
чвердечӀеб
/[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
чвердечӀел
/[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
чвердолев
/[t͡ʃwerdolew]/
🔒
5
|
чвердолей
/[t͡ʃwerdolej]/
🔒
0
|
чвердолеб
/[t͡ʃwerdoleb]/
🔒
13
|
чвердолел
/[t͡ʃwerdolel]/
🔒
11
|
| Present Participle Negative |
чвердоларев
/[t͡ʃwerdolarew]/
0
|
чвердоларей
/[t͡ʃwerdolarej]/
0
|
чвердолареб
/[t͡ʃwerdolareb]/
0
|
чвердоларел
/[t͡ʃwerdolarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
чверделев
/[t͡ʃwerdelew]/
0
|
чверделей
/[t͡ʃwerdelej]/
0
|
чверделеб
/[t͡ʃwerdeleb]/
0
|
чверделел
/[t͡ʃwerdelel]/
🔒
3
|
| Future Participle Negative |
чверделарев
/[t͡ʃwerdelarew]/
0
|
чверделарей
/[t͡ʃwerdelarej]/
0
|
чверделареб
/[t͡ʃwerdelareb]/
0
|
чверделарел
/[t͡ʃwerdelarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
чвердезехъин
[t͡ʃwerdezeq͡χːin]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
чвердезехъинро
[t͡ʃwerdezeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
чвердеяв
/[t͡ʃwerdejaw]/
0
|
чвердеяй
/[t͡ʃwerdejaj]/
0
|
чвердеяб
/[t͡ʃwerdejab]/
0
|
чвердеял
/[t͡ʃwerdejal]/
🔒
1
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
чвердерав
0
|
чвердерай
0
|
чвердераб
0
|
чвердерал
0
|
| Ergative |
чвердерас
0
|
чвердералъ
0
|
чвердералъ
0
|
чвердераз
0
|
| Genitive |
чвердерасул
0
|
чвердералъул
0
|
чвердералъул
0
|
чвердеразул
0
|
| Dative |
чвердерасе
0
|
чвердералъе
0
|
чвердералъе
0
|
чвердеразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
чвердерасда
0
|
чвердералъда
0
|
чвердералъда
0
|
чвердеразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
чвердерасде
0
|
чвердералъде
0
|
чвердералъде
0
|
чвердеразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
чвердерасдаса
0
|
чвердералъдаса
0
|
чвердералъдаса
0
|
чвердераздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
чвердерасдасан
0
|
чвердералъдасан
0
|
чвердералъдасан
0
|
чвердераздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
чвердерасухъ
0
|
чвердералъухъ
0
|
чвердералъухъ
0
|
чвердеразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
чвердерасухъе
0
|
чвердералъухъе
0
|
чвердералъухъе
0
|
чвердеразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
чвердерасухъа
0
|
чвердералъухъа
0
|
чвердералъухъа
0
|
чвердеразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
чвердерасухъан
0
|
чвердералъухъан
0
|
чвердералъухъан
0
|
чвердеразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
чвердерасулъ
0
|
чвердералъулъ
0
|
чвердералъулъ
0
|
чвердеразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
чвердерасулъе
0
|
чвердералъулъе
0
|
чвердералъулъе
0
|
чвердеразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
чвердерасулъа
0
|
чвердералъулъа
0
|
чвердералъулъа
0
|
чвердеразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
чвердерасулъан
0
|
чвердералъулъан
0
|
чвердералъулъан
0
|
чвердеразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
чвердерасукь
0
|
чвердералъукь
0
|
чвердералъукь
0
|
чвердеразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
чвердерасукье
0
|
чвердералъукье
0
|
чвердералъукье
0
|
чвердеразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
чвердерасукьа
0
|
чвердералъукьа
0
|
чвердералъукьа
0
|
чвердеразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
чвердерасукьан
0
|
чвердералъукьан
0
|
чвердералъукьан
0
|
чвердеразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
чвердон
[t͡ʃwerdon]
🔒
6
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
чвердон
[t͡ʃwerdon]
🔒
6
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
чвердечӀого
[t͡ʃwerdet͡ʃˀogo]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
чвердолаго
[t͡ʃwerdolago]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
чвердоларого
[t͡ʃwerdolarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
чвердей
[t͡ʃwerdej]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Infinitive |
чвердезе
[t͡ʃwerdeze]
🔒
75
|
|||
| Causative |
чвердезавизе
/[t͡ʃwerdezawize]/
🔒
1
|
чвердезайизе
/[t͡ʃwerdezajize]/
0
|
чвердезабизе
/[t͡ʃwerdezabize]/
0
|
чвердезаризе
/[t͡ʃwerdezarize]/
🔒
1
|
| Causative Negative |
чвердезавуларо
/[t͡ʃwerdezawularo]/
0
|
чвердезайуларо
/[t͡ʃwerdezajularo]/
0
|
чвердезабуларо
/[t͡ʃwerdezabularo]/
0
|
чвердезаруларо
/[t͡ʃwerdezarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
чвердеаризе
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
—
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
чверд-чвердезе
[t͡ʃwerd-t͡ʃwerdeze]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
чверд-чверделаро
[t͡ʃwerd-t͡ʃwerdelaro]
0
|
|||