Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
кашлять
покашлять
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: hhaltsaze
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
187274
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
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|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
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| Past Simple |
хӀалцана
[ħalt͡sana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
хӀалцачӀо
[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
хӀалцала
[ħalt͡sala]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
хӀалцаларо
[ħalt͡salaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
хӀалцала
[ħalt͡sala]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
хӀалцаларо
[ħalt͡salaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
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|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
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| Remote Present |
—
0
|
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|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
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|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
хӀалцалаан
[ħalt͡salajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
хӀалцалароан
[ħalt͡salarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
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|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
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Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
хӀалца
[ħalt͡sa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
хӀалцаге
[ħalt͡sage]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
хӀалцаги
[ħalt͡sagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
хӀалцагеги
[ħalt͡sagegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
хӀалцазин
[ħalt͡sazin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
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| Conditional |
хӀалцани
[ħalt͡sani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
хӀалцачӀони
[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцанищ
[ħalt͡saniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцачӀищ
[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцалищ
[ħalt͡saliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцаларищ
[ħalt͡salariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцалищ
[ħalt͡saliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
хӀалцаларищ
[ħalt͡salariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
хӀалцарав
/[ħalt͡saraw]/
0
|
хӀалцарай
/[ħalt͡saraj]/
0
|
хӀалцараб
/[ħalt͡sarab]/
0
|
хӀалцарал
/[ħalt͡saral]/
🔒
1
|
| Past Participle Negative |
хӀалцачӀев
/[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
хӀалцачӀей
/[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
хӀалцачӀеб
/[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
хӀалцачӀел
/[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
хӀалцалев
/[ħalt͡salew]/
0
|
хӀалцалей
/[ħalt͡salej]/
0
|
хӀалцалеб
/[ħalt͡saleb]/
0
|
хӀалцалел
/[ħalt͡salel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
хӀалцаларев
/[ħalt͡salarew]/
0
|
хӀалцаларей
/[ħalt͡salarej]/
0
|
хӀалцалареб
/[ħalt͡salareb]/
0
|
хӀалцаларел
/[ħalt͡salarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
хӀалцалев
/[ħalt͡salew]/
0
|
хӀалцалей
/[ħalt͡salej]/
0
|
хӀалцалеб
/[ħalt͡saleb]/
0
|
хӀалцалел
/[ħalt͡salel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
хӀалцаларев
/[ħalt͡salarew]/
0
|
хӀалцаларей
/[ħalt͡salarej]/
0
|
хӀалцалареб
/[ħalt͡salareb]/
0
|
хӀалцаларел
/[ħalt͡salarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
хӀалцазехъин
[ħalt͡sazeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
хӀалцазехъинро
[ħalt͡sazeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
хӀалцаяв
/[ħalt͡sajaw]/
0
|
хӀалцаяй
/[ħalt͡sajaj]/
0
|
хӀалцаяб
/[ħalt͡sajab]/
0
|
хӀалцаял
/[ħalt͡sajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
хӀалцарав
0
|
хӀалцарай
0
|
хӀалцараб
0
|
хӀалцарал
1
|
| Ergative |
хӀалцарас
0
|
хӀалцаралъ
0
|
хӀалцаралъ
0
|
хӀалцараз
0
|
| Genitive |
хӀалцарасул
0
|
хӀалцаралъул
0
|
хӀалцаралъул
0
|
хӀалцаразул
0
|
| Dative |
хӀалцарасе
0
|
хӀалцаралъе
0
|
хӀалцаралъе
0
|
хӀалцаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
хӀалцарасда
0
|
хӀалцаралъда
0
|
хӀалцаралъда
0
|
хӀалцаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
хӀалцарасде
0
|
хӀалцаралъде
0
|
хӀалцаралъде
0
|
хӀалцаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
хӀалцарасдаса
0
|
хӀалцаралъдаса
0
|
хӀалцаралъдаса
0
|
хӀалцараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
хӀалцарасдасан
0
|
хӀалцаралъдасан
0
|
хӀалцаралъдасан
0
|
хӀалцараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
хӀалцарасухъ
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъ
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъ
0
|
хӀалцаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
хӀалцарасухъе
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъе
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъе
0
|
хӀалцаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
хӀалцарасухъа
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъа
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъа
0
|
хӀалцаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
хӀалцарасухъан
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъан
0
|
хӀалцаралъухъан
0
|
хӀалцаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
хӀалцарасулъ
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъ
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъ
0
|
хӀалцаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
хӀалцарасулъе
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъе
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъе
0
|
хӀалцаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
хӀалцарасулъа
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъа
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъа
0
|
хӀалцаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
хӀалцарасулъан
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъан
0
|
хӀалцаралъулъан
0
|
хӀалцаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
хӀалцарасукь
0
|
хӀалцаралъукь
0
|
хӀалцаралъукь
0
|
хӀалцаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
хӀалцарасукье
0
|
хӀалцаралъукье
0
|
хӀалцаралъукье
0
|
хӀалцаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
хӀалцарасукьа
0
|
хӀалцаралъукьа
0
|
хӀалцаралъукьа
0
|
хӀалцаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
хӀалцарасукьан
0
|
хӀалцаралъукьан
0
|
хӀалцаралъукьан
0
|
хӀалцаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
хӀалцан
[ħalt͡san]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
хӀалцан
[ħalt͡san]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
хӀалцачӀого
[ħalt͡sat͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
хӀалцалаго
[ħalt͡salago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
хӀалцаларого
[ħalt͡salarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
хӀалцай
[ħalt͡saj]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
хӀалцазе
[ħalt͡saze]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
хӀалцазавизе
/[ħalt͡sazawize]/
0
|
хӀалцазайизе
/[ħalt͡sazajize]/
0
|
хӀалцазабизе
/[ħalt͡sazabize]/
0
|
хӀалцазаризе
/[ħalt͡sazarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
хӀалцазавуларо
/[ħalt͡sazawularo]/
0
|
хӀалцазайуларо
/[ħalt͡sazajularo]/
0
|
хӀалцазабуларо
/[ħalt͡sazabularo]/
0
|
хӀалцазаруларо
/[ħalt͡sazarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
хӀалцааризе
[ħalt͡sajarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
хӀалцаариларо
[ħalt͡sajarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
хӀалца-хӀалцазе
[ħalt͡sa-ħalt͡saze]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
хӀалца-хӀалцаларо
[ħalt͡sa-ħalt͡salaro]
0
|
|||