Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
кивать
копать
раскопать
штуковать
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: hankʼize
Transitivity
Intransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
187353
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
1
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[hankˀulew wugo]/ |
/[hankˀulej jigo]/ |
/[hankˀuleb bugo]/ |
/[hankˀulel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[hankˀulew het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hankˀulej het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hankˀuleb het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hankˀulel het͡ʃˀo]/ |
| Past Simple |
гьанкӀана
[hankˀana]
🔒
6
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
гьанкӀичӀо
[hankˀit͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
гьанкӀила
[hankˀila]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
гьанкӀиларо
[hankˀilaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
гьанкӀула
[hankˀula]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
гьанкӀуларо
[hankˀularo]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
гьанкӀулаан
[hankʼulajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
гьанкӀулароан
[hankʼularojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
гьанкӀе
[hankˀe]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
гьанкӀуге
[hankˀuge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
гьанкӀеги
[hankʼegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
гьанкӀугеги
[hankˀugegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
гьанкӀизин
[hankˀizin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
гьанкӀани
[hankˀani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
гьанкӀичӀони
[hankˀit͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀанищ
[hankˀaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀичӀищ
[hankˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀулищ
[hankˀuliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀуларищ
[hankˀulariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀилищ
[hankˀiliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьанкӀиларищ
[hankˀilariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
гьанкӀарав
/[hankˀaraw]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀарай
/[hankˀaraj]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀараб
/[hankˀarab]/
🔒
3
|
гьанкӀарал
/[hankˀaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
гьанкӀичӀев
/[hankˀit͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
гьанкӀичӀей
/[hankˀit͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
гьанкӀичӀеб
/[hankˀit͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
гьанкӀичӀел
/[hankˀit͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
гьанкӀулев
/[hankˀulew]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀулей
/[hankˀulej]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀулеб
/[hankˀuleb]/
🔒
1
|
гьанкӀулел
/[hankˀulel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
гьанкӀуларев
/[hankˀularew]/
0
|
гьанкӀуларей
/[hankˀularej]/
0
|
гьанкӀулареб
/[hankˀulareb]/
0
|
гьанкӀуларел
/[hankˀularel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
гьанкӀилев
/[hankˀilew]/
0
|
гьанкӀилей
/[hankˀilej]/
0
|
гьанкӀилеб
/[hankˀileb]/
0
|
гьанкӀилел
/[hankˀilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
гьанкӀиларев
/[hankˀilarew]/
0
|
гьанкӀиларей
/[hankˀilarej]/
0
|
гьанкӀилареб
/[hankˀilareb]/
0
|
гьанкӀиларел
/[hankˀilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
гьанкӀизехъин
[hankˀizeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
гьанкӀизехъинро
[hankˀizeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
гьанкӀеяв
/[hankˀejaw]/
0
|
гьанкӀеяй
/[hankˀejaj]/
0
|
гьанкӀеяб
/[hankˀejab]/
0
|
гьанкӀеял
/[hankʼejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
гьанкӀарав
0
|
гьанкӀарай
0
|
гьанкӀараб
3
|
гьанкӀарал
0
|
| Ergative |
гьанкӀарас
0
|
гьанкӀаралъ
0
|
гьанкӀаралъ
0
|
гьанкӀараз
0
|
| Genitive |
гьанкӀарасул
0
|
гьанкӀаралъул
0
|
гьанкӀаралъул
0
|
гьанкӀаразул
0
|
| Dative |
гьанкӀарасе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъе
0
|
гьанкӀаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
гьанкӀарасда
0
|
гьанкӀаралъда
0
|
гьанкӀаралъда
0
|
гьанкӀаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
гьанкӀарасде
0
|
гьанкӀаралъде
0
|
гьанкӀаралъде
0
|
гьанкӀаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
гьанкӀарасдаса
0
|
гьанкӀаралъдаса
0
|
гьанкӀаралъдаса
0
|
гьанкӀараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
гьанкӀарасдасан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъдасан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъдасан
0
|
гьанкӀараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
гьанкӀарасухъ
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъ
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъ
0
|
гьанкӀаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
гьанкӀарасухъе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъе
0
|
гьанкӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
гьанкӀарасухъа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъа
0
|
гьанкӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
гьанкӀарасухъан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъухъан
0
|
гьанкӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
гьанкӀарасулъ
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъ
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъ
0
|
гьанкӀаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
гьанкӀарасулъе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъе
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъе
0
|
гьанкӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
гьанкӀарасулъа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъа
0
|
гьанкӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
гьанкӀарасулъан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъулъан
0
|
гьанкӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
гьанкӀарасукь
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукь
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукь
0
|
гьанкӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
гьанкӀарасукье
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукье
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукье
0
|
гьанкӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
гьанкӀарасукьа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукьа
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукьа
0
|
гьанкӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
гьанкӀарасукьан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукьан
0
|
гьанкӀаралъукьан
0
|
гьанкӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
гьанкӀун
[hankʼun]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
гьанкӀун
[hankˀun]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
гьанкӀичӀого
[hankˀit͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
гьанкӀулаго
[hankˀulago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
гьанкӀуларого
[hankˀularogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
гьанкӀи
[hankˀi]
🔒
3
|
|||
| Infinitive |
гьанкӀизе
[hankˀize]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Causative |
гьанкӀизавизе
/[hankʼizawize]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀизайизе
/[hankʼizajize]/
🔒
0
|
гьанкӀизабизе
/[hankˀizabize]/
🔒
1
|
гьанкӀизаризе
/[hankʼizarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
гьанкӀизавуларо
/[hankʼizawularo]/
0
|
гьанкӀизайуларо
/[hankʼizajularo]/
0
|
гьанкӀизабуларо
/[hankˀizabularo]/
0
|
гьанкӀизаруларо
/[hankʼizarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
гьанкӀиаризе
[hankˀijarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
гьанкӀиариларо
[hankˀijarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
гьанкӀ-гьанкӀизе
[hankˀ-hankˀize]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
гьанкӀ-гьанкӀиларо
[hankˀ-hankˀilaro]
0
|
|||