Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
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📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: ch'al-ghine
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
200694
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunew wugo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunej jigo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕuneb bugo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕuneb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
чӀал-гӀана
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
чӀал-гӀинчӀо
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕint͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
чӀал-гӀина
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕina]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
чӀал-гӀинаро
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕinaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
чӀал-гӀуна
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕuna]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
чӀал-гӀунаро
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕunaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
чӀал-гӀунаан
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
чӀал-гӀунароан
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
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|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
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|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
чӀал-гӀа
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
чӀал-гӀунге
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕunge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
чӀал-гӀаги
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
чӀал-гӀунгеги
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕungegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
чӀал-гӀинин
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinin]
🔒
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
чӀал-гӀани
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
чӀал-гӀинчӀони
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕint͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀанищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀинчӀищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕint͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀунищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕuniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀунарищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕunariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀинищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕiniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀал-гӀинарищ
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕinariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
чӀал-гӀарав
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕaraw]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀарай
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕaraj]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀараб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕarab]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀарал
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
чӀал-гӀинчӀев
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕint͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинчӀей
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕint͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинчӀеб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕint͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинчӀел
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕint͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
чӀал-гӀунев
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunew]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀуней
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunej]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀунеб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕuneb]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀунел
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
чӀал-гӀунарев
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunarew]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀунарей
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunarej]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀунареб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunareb]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀунарел
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
чӀал-гӀинев
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinew]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀиней
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinej]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинеб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕineb]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинел
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
чӀал-гӀинарев
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinarew]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинарей
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinarej]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинареб
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinareb]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинарел
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
чӀал-гӀинехъин
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕineq͡χːin]
🔒
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
чӀал-гӀинехъинро
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕineq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
чӀал-гӀаяв
/[t͡ʃˀal-ʕajaw]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀаяй
/[t͡ʃˀal-ʕajaj]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀаяб
/[t͡ʃˀal-ʕajab]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀаял
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
чӀал-гӀарав
0
|
чӀал-гӀарай
0
|
чӀал-гӀараб
0
|
чӀал-гӀарал
0
|
| Ergative |
чӀал-гӀарас
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀараз
0
|
| Genitive |
чӀал-гӀарасул
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъул
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъул
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразул
0
|
| Dative |
чӀал-гӀарасе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
чӀал-гӀарасда
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъда
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъда
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
чӀал-гӀарасде
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъде
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъде
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
чӀал-гӀарасдаса
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъдаса
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъдаса
0
|
чӀал-гӀараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
чӀал-гӀарасдасан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъдасан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъдасан
0
|
чӀал-гӀараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
чӀал-гӀарасухъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
чӀал-гӀарасухъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
чӀал-гӀарасухъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
чӀал-гӀарасухъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъухъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
чӀал-гӀарасулъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъ
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
чӀал-гӀарасулъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъе
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
чӀал-гӀарасулъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
чӀал-гӀарасулъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъулъан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
чӀал-гӀарасукь
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукь
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукь
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
чӀал-гӀарасукье
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукье
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукье
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
чӀал-гӀарасукьа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукьа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукьа
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
чӀал-гӀарасукьан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукьан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаралъукьан
0
|
чӀал-гӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
чӀал-гӀун
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
чӀал-гӀун
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
чӀал-гӀинчӀого
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕint͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
чӀал-гӀунаго
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕunago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
чӀал-гӀунарого
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕunarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
чӀал-гӀин
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕin]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
чӀал-гӀине
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕine]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
чӀал-гӀинавизе
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinawize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀал-гӀинайизе
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinajize]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинабизе
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinabize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀал-гӀинаризе
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
чӀал-гӀинавуларо
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinawularo]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинайуларо
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinajularo]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинабуларо
/[t͡ʃˀal-ʕinabularo]/
0
|
чӀал-гӀинаруларо
/[t͡ʃʼal-ʕinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
чӀал-гӀанхъизе
[t͡ʃʼal-ʕanq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
чӀал-гӀанхъиларо
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕanq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
чӀал-гӀ-чӀал-гӀине
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕ-t͡ʃˀal-ʕine]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
чӀал-гӀ-чӀал-гӀинаро
[t͡ʃˀal-ʕ-t͡ʃˀal-ʕinaro]
0
|
|||