Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
пороть
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: ch'alhhine
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
208131
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[t͡ʃʼalħunew wugo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħunej jigo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħuneb bugo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħunel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[t͡ʃʼalħunew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħunej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħuneb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[t͡ʃʼalħunel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
чӀалхӀана
[t͡ʃˀalħana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
чӀалхӀинчӀо
[t͡ʃˀalħint͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
чӀалхӀина
[t͡ʃˀalħina]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
чӀалхӀинаро
[t͡ʃˀalħinaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
чӀалхӀуна
[t͡ʃˀalħuna]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
чӀалхӀунаро
[t͡ʃˀalħunaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
чӀалхӀунаан
[t͡ʃʼalħunajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
чӀалхӀунароан
[t͡ʃʼalħunarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
чӀалхӀа
[t͡ʃˀalħa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
чӀалхӀунге
[t͡ʃˀalħunge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
чӀалхӀаги
[t͡ʃˀalħagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
чӀалхӀунгеги
[t͡ʃˀalħungegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
чӀалхӀинин
[t͡ʃʼalħinin]
🔒
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
чӀалхӀани
[t͡ʃˀalħani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
чӀалхӀинчӀони
[t͡ʃˀalħint͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀанищ
[t͡ʃˀalħaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀинчӀищ
[t͡ʃˀalħint͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀунищ
[t͡ʃˀalħuniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀунарищ
[t͡ʃˀalħunariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀинищ
[t͡ʃˀalħiniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀалхӀинарищ
[t͡ʃˀalħinariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
чӀалхӀарав
/[t͡ʃʼalħaraw]/
0
|
чӀалхӀарай
/[t͡ʃʼalħaraj]/
0
|
чӀалхӀараб
/[t͡ʃʼalħarab]/
0
|
чӀалхӀарал
/[t͡ʃʼalħaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
чӀалхӀинчӀев
/[t͡ʃʼalħint͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинчӀей
/[t͡ʃʼalħint͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинчӀеб
/[t͡ʃʼalħint͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинчӀел
/[t͡ʃʼalħint͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
чӀалхӀунев
/[t͡ʃʼalħunew]/
0
|
чӀалхӀуней
/[t͡ʃʼalħunej]/
0
|
чӀалхӀунеб
/[t͡ʃʼalħuneb]/
0
|
чӀалхӀунел
/[t͡ʃʼalħunel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
чӀалхӀунарев
/[t͡ʃʼalħunarew]/
0
|
чӀалхӀунарей
/[t͡ʃʼalħunarej]/
0
|
чӀалхӀунареб
/[t͡ʃʼalħunareb]/
0
|
чӀалхӀунарел
/[t͡ʃʼalħunarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
чӀалхӀинев
/[t͡ʃʼalħinew]/
0
|
чӀалхӀиней
/[t͡ʃʼalħinej]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинеб
/[t͡ʃʼalħineb]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинел
/[t͡ʃʼalħinel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
чӀалхӀинарев
/[t͡ʃʼalħinarew]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинарей
/[t͡ʃʼalħinarej]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинареб
/[t͡ʃʼalħinareb]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинарел
/[t͡ʃʼalħinarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
чӀалхӀинехъин
[t͡ʃʼalħineq͡χːin]
🔒
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
чӀалхӀинехъинро
[t͡ʃʼalħineq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
чӀалхӀаяв
/[t͡ʃˀalħajaw]/
0
|
чӀалхӀаяй
/[t͡ʃˀalħajaj]/
0
|
чӀалхӀаяб
/[t͡ʃˀalħajab]/
0
|
чӀалхӀаял
/[t͡ʃʼalħajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
чӀалхӀарав
0
|
чӀалхӀарай
0
|
чӀалхӀараб
0
|
чӀалхӀарал
0
|
| Ergative |
чӀалхӀарас
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъ
0
|
чӀалхӀараз
0
|
| Genitive |
чӀалхӀарасул
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъул
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъул
0
|
чӀалхӀаразул
0
|
| Dative |
чӀалхӀарасе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
чӀалхӀарасда
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъда
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъда
0
|
чӀалхӀаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
чӀалхӀарасде
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъде
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъде
0
|
чӀалхӀаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
чӀалхӀарасдаса
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъдаса
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъдаса
0
|
чӀалхӀараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
чӀалхӀарасдасан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъдасан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъдасан
0
|
чӀалхӀараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
чӀалхӀарасухъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
чӀалхӀарасухъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
чӀалхӀарасухъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
чӀалхӀарасухъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъухъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
чӀалхӀарасулъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъ
0
|
чӀалхӀаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
чӀалхӀарасулъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъе
0
|
чӀалхӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
чӀалхӀарасулъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъа
0
|
чӀалхӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
чӀалхӀарасулъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъулъан
0
|
чӀалхӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
чӀалхӀарасукь
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукь
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукь
0
|
чӀалхӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
чӀалхӀарасукье
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукье
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукье
0
|
чӀалхӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
чӀалхӀарасукьа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукьа
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукьа
0
|
чӀалхӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
чӀалхӀарасукьан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукьан
0
|
чӀалхӀаралъукьан
0
|
чӀалхӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
чӀалхӀун
[t͡ʃʼalħun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
чӀалхӀун
[t͡ʃʼalħun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
чӀалхӀинчӀого
[t͡ʃˀalħint͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
чӀалхӀунаго
[t͡ʃʼalħunago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
чӀалхӀунарого
[t͡ʃˀalħunarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
чӀалхӀин
[t͡ʃʼalħin]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
чӀалхӀине
[t͡ʃˀalħine]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
чӀалхӀинавизе
/[t͡ʃʼalħinawize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀалхӀинайизе
/[t͡ʃʼalħinajize]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинабизе
/[t͡ʃʼalħinabize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀалхӀинаризе
/[t͡ʃʼalħinarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
чӀалхӀинавуларо
/[t͡ʃʼalħinawularo]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинайуларо
/[t͡ʃʼalħinajularo]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинабуларо
/[t͡ʃˀalħinabularo]/
0
|
чӀалхӀинаруларо
/[t͡ʃʼalħinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
чӀалхӀанхъизе
[t͡ʃʼalħanq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
чӀалхӀанхъиларо
[t͡ʃˀalħanq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
чӀалхӀ-чӀалхӀине
[t͡ʃˀalħ-t͡ʃˀalħine]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
чӀалхӀ-чӀалхӀинаро
[t͡ʃˀalħ-t͡ʃˀalħinaro]
0
|
|||