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🌐 Translations
Russian
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📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 4
ASCII: kartʼakhine
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
211633
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[kʰartʼaχunew wugo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχunej jigo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχuneb bugo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχunel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[kʰartʼaχunew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχunej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχuneb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχunel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
картӀахана
[kʰartˀaχana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
картӀахинчӀо
[kʰartˀaχint͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
картӀахина
[kʰartˀaχina]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
картӀахинаро
[kʰartˀaχinaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
картӀахуна
[kʰartˀaχuna]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
картӀахунаро
[kʰartˀaχunaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
картӀахунаан
[kʰartʼaχunajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
картӀахунароан
[kʰartʼaχunarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
картӀаха
[kʰartˀaχa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
картӀахунге
[kʰartˀaχunge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
картӀахаги
[kʰartˀaχagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
картӀахунгеги
[kʰartˀaχungegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
картӀахинин
[kʰartʼaχinin]
🔒
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
картӀахани
[kʰartˀaχani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
картӀахинчӀони
[kʰartˀaχint͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаханищ
[kʰartˀaχaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахинчӀищ
[kʰartˀaχint͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахунищ
[kʰartˀaχuniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахунарищ
[kʰartˀaχunariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахинищ
[kʰartˀaχiniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахинарищ
[kʰartˀaχinariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
картӀахарав
/[kʰartʼaχaraw]/
0
|
картӀахарай
/[kʰartʼaχaraj]/
0
|
картӀахараб
/[kʰartʼaχarab]/
0
|
картӀахарал
/[kʰartˀaχaral]/
🔒
1
|
| Past Participle Negative |
картӀахинчӀев
/[kʰartʼaχint͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
картӀахинчӀей
/[kʰartʼaχint͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
картӀахинчӀеб
/[kʰartʼaχint͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
картӀахинчӀел
/[kʰartʼaχint͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
картӀахунев
/[kʰartʼaχunew]/
0
|
картӀахуней
/[kʰartʼaχunej]/
0
|
картӀахунеб
/[kʰartʼaχuneb]/
0
|
картӀахунел
/[kʰartʼaχunel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
картӀахунарев
/[kʰartʼaχunarew]/
0
|
картӀахунарей
/[kʰartʼaχunarej]/
0
|
картӀахунареб
/[kʰartʼaχunareb]/
0
|
картӀахунарел
/[kʰartʼaχunarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
картӀахинев
/[kʰartʼaχinew]/
0
|
картӀахиней
/[kʰartʼaχinej]/
0
|
картӀахинеб
/[kʰartʼaχineb]/
0
|
картӀахинел
/[kʰartʼaχinel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
картӀахинарев
/[kʰartʼaχinarew]/
0
|
картӀахинарей
/[kʰartʼaχinarej]/
0
|
картӀахинареб
/[kʰartʼaχinareb]/
0
|
картӀахинарел
/[kʰartʼaχinarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
картӀахинехъин
[kʰartʼaχineq͡χːin]
🔒
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
картӀахинехъинро
[kʰartʼaχineq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
картӀахаяв
/[kʰartˀaχajaw]/
0
|
картӀахаяй
/[kʰartˀaχajaj]/
0
|
картӀахаяб
/[kʰartˀaχajab]/
0
|
картӀахаял
/[kʰartʼaχajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
картӀахарав
0
|
картӀахарай
0
|
картӀахараб
0
|
картӀахарал
1
|
| Ergative |
картӀахарас
0
|
картӀахаралъ
0
|
картӀахаралъ
0
|
картӀахараз
0
|
| Genitive |
картӀахарасул
0
|
картӀахаралъул
0
|
картӀахаралъул
0
|
картӀахаразул
0
|
| Dative |
картӀахарасе
0
|
картӀахаралъе
0
|
картӀахаралъе
0
|
картӀахаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
картӀахарасда
0
|
картӀахаралъда
0
|
картӀахаралъда
0
|
картӀахаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
картӀахарасде
0
|
картӀахаралъде
0
|
картӀахаралъде
0
|
картӀахаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
картӀахарасдаса
0
|
картӀахаралъдаса
0
|
картӀахаралъдаса
0
|
картӀахараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
картӀахарасдасан
0
|
картӀахаралъдасан
0
|
картӀахаралъдасан
0
|
картӀахараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
картӀахарасухъ
0
|
картӀахаралъухъ
0
|
картӀахаралъухъ
0
|
картӀахаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
картӀахарасухъе
0
|
картӀахаралъухъе
0
|
картӀахаралъухъе
0
|
картӀахаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
картӀахарасухъа
0
|
картӀахаралъухъа
0
|
картӀахаралъухъа
0
|
картӀахаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
картӀахарасухъан
0
|
картӀахаралъухъан
0
|
картӀахаралъухъан
0
|
картӀахаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
картӀахарасулъ
0
|
картӀахаралъулъ
0
|
картӀахаралъулъ
0
|
картӀахаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
картӀахарасулъе
0
|
картӀахаралъулъе
0
|
картӀахаралъулъе
0
|
картӀахаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
картӀахарасулъа
0
|
картӀахаралъулъа
0
|
картӀахаралъулъа
0
|
картӀахаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
картӀахарасулъан
0
|
картӀахаралъулъан
0
|
картӀахаралъулъан
0
|
картӀахаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
картӀахарасукь
0
|
картӀахаралъукь
0
|
картӀахаралъукь
0
|
картӀахаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
картӀахарасукье
0
|
картӀахаралъукье
0
|
картӀахаралъукье
0
|
картӀахаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
картӀахарасукьа
0
|
картӀахаралъукьа
0
|
картӀахаралъукьа
0
|
картӀахаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
картӀахарасукьан
0
|
картӀахаралъукьан
0
|
картӀахаралъукьан
0
|
картӀахаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
картӀахун
[kʰartʼaχun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
картӀахун
[kʰartʼaχun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
картӀахинчӀого
[kʰartˀaχint͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
картӀахунаго
[kʰartʼaχunago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
картӀахунарого
[kʰartˀaχunarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
картӀахин
[kʰartʼaχin]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
картӀахине
[kʰartˀaχine]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
картӀахинавизе
/[kʰartʼaχinawize]/
🔒
0
|
картӀахинайизе
/[kʰartʼaχinajize]/
0
|
картӀахинабизе
/[kʰartʼaχinabize]/
🔒
0
|
картӀахинаризе
/[kʰartʼaχinarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
картӀахинавуларо
/[kʰartʼaχinawularo]/
0
|
картӀахинайуларо
/[kʰartʼaχinajularo]/
0
|
картӀахинабуларо
/[kʰartˀaχinabularo]/
0
|
картӀахинаруларо
/[kʰartʼaχinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
картӀаханхъизе
[kʰartʼaχanq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
картӀаханхъиларо
[kʰartˀaχanq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
картӀах-картӀахине
[kʰartˀaχ-kʰartˀaχine]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
картӀах-картӀахинаро
[kʰartˀaχ-kʰartˀaχinaro]
0
|
|||