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Russian
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📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: hishchtʼize
Transitivity
Ambitransitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
212355
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[hiʃːtˀulew wugo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀulej jigo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀuleb bugo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀulel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[hiʃːtˀulew het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀulej het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀuleb het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[hiʃːtˀulel het͡ʃˀo]/ |
| Past Simple |
гьищтӀана
[hiʃːtˀana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
гьищтӀичӀо
[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
гьищтӀила
[hiʃːtˀila]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
гьищтӀиларо
[hiʃːtˀilaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
гьищтӀула
[hiʃːtˀula]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
гьищтӀуларо
[hiʃːtˀularo]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
гьищтӀулаан
[hiʃːtʼulaan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
гьищтӀулароан
[hiʃːtʼularoan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
гьищтӀе
[hiʃːtˀe]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
гьищтӀуге
[hiʃːtˀuge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
гьищтӀеги
[hiʃːtʼegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
гьищтӀугеги
[hiʃːtˀugegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
гьищтӀизин
[hiʃːtˀizin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
гьищтӀани
[hiʃːtˀani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
гьищтӀичӀони
[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀанищ
[hiʃːtˀaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀичӀищ
[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀулищ
[hiʃːtˀuliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀуларищ
[hiʃːtˀulariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀилищ
[hiʃːtˀiliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
гьищтӀиларищ
[hiʃːtˀilariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
гьищтӀарав
/[hiʃːtˀaraw]/
0
|
гьищтӀарай
/[hiʃːtˀaraj]/
0
|
гьищтӀараб
/[hiʃːtˀarab]/
0
|
гьищтӀарал
/[hiʃːtˀaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
гьищтӀичӀев
/[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
гьищтӀичӀей
/[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
гьищтӀичӀеб
/[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
гьищтӀичӀел
/[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
гьищтӀулев
/[hiʃːtˀulew]/
0
|
гьищтӀулей
/[hiʃːtˀulej]/
0
|
гьищтӀулеб
/[hiʃːtˀuleb]/
0
|
гьищтӀулел
/[hiʃːtˀulel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
гьищтӀуларев
/[hiʃːtˀularew]/
0
|
гьищтӀуларей
/[hiʃːtˀularej]/
0
|
гьищтӀулареб
/[hiʃːtˀulareb]/
0
|
гьищтӀуларел
/[hiʃːtˀularel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
гьищтӀилев
/[hiʃːtˀilew]/
0
|
гьищтӀилей
/[hiʃːtˀilej]/
0
|
гьищтӀилеб
/[hiʃːtˀileb]/
0
|
гьищтӀилел
/[hiʃːtˀilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
гьищтӀиларев
/[hiʃːtˀilarew]/
0
|
гьищтӀиларей
/[hiʃːtˀilarej]/
0
|
гьищтӀилареб
/[hiʃːtˀilareb]/
0
|
гьищтӀиларел
/[hiʃːtˀilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
гьищтӀизехъин
[hiʃːtˀizeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
гьищтӀизехъинро
[hiʃːtˀizeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
гьищтӀеяв
/[hiʃːtˀejaw]/
0
|
гьищтӀеяй
/[hiʃːtˀejaj]/
0
|
гьищтӀеяб
/[hiʃːtˀejab]/
0
|
гьищтӀеял
/[hiʃːtʼejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
гьищтӀарав
0
|
гьищтӀарай
0
|
гьищтӀараб
0
|
гьищтӀарал
0
|
| Ergative |
гьищтӀарас
0
|
гьищтӀаралъ
0
|
гьищтӀаралъ
0
|
гьищтӀараз
0
|
| Genitive |
гьищтӀарасул
0
|
гьищтӀаралъул
0
|
гьищтӀаралъул
0
|
гьищтӀаразул
0
|
| Dative |
гьищтӀарасе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъе
0
|
гьищтӀаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
гьищтӀарасда
0
|
гьищтӀаралъда
0
|
гьищтӀаралъда
0
|
гьищтӀаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
гьищтӀарасде
0
|
гьищтӀаралъде
0
|
гьищтӀаралъде
0
|
гьищтӀаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
гьищтӀарасдаса
0
|
гьищтӀаралъдаса
0
|
гьищтӀаралъдаса
0
|
гьищтӀараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
гьищтӀарасдасан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъдасан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъдасан
0
|
гьищтӀараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
гьищтӀарасухъ
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъ
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъ
0
|
гьищтӀаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
гьищтӀарасухъе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъе
0
|
гьищтӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
гьищтӀарасухъа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъа
0
|
гьищтӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
гьищтӀарасухъан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъухъан
0
|
гьищтӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
гьищтӀарасулъ
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъ
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъ
0
|
гьищтӀаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
гьищтӀарасулъе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъе
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъе
0
|
гьищтӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
гьищтӀарасулъа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъа
0
|
гьищтӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
гьищтӀарасулъан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъулъан
0
|
гьищтӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
гьищтӀарасукь
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукь
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукь
0
|
гьищтӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
гьищтӀарасукье
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукье
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукье
0
|
гьищтӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
гьищтӀарасукьа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукьа
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукьа
0
|
гьищтӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
гьищтӀарасукьан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукьан
0
|
гьищтӀаралъукьан
0
|
гьищтӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
гьищтӀун
[hiʃːtʼun]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
гьищтӀун
[hiʃːtˀun]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
гьищтӀичӀого
[hiʃːtˀit͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
гьищтӀулаго
[hiʃːtˀulago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
гьищтӀуларого
[hiʃːtˀularogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
гьищтӀи
[hiʃːtˀi]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Infinitive |
гьищтӀизе
[hiʃːtˀize]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
гьищтӀизавизе
/[hiʃːtʼizawize]/
0
|
гьищтӀизайизе
/[hiʃːtʼizajize]/
0
|
гьищтӀизабизе
/[hiʃːtˀizabize]/
0
|
гьищтӀизаризе
/[hiʃːtʼizarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
гьищтӀизавуларо
/[hiʃːtʼizawularo]/
0
|
гьищтӀизайуларо
/[hiʃːtʼizajularo]/
0
|
гьищтӀизабуларо
/[hiʃːtˀizabularo]/
0
|
гьищтӀизаруларо
/[hiʃːtʼizarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
гьищтӀиаризе
[hiʃːtˀiarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
гьищтӀиариларо
[hiʃːtˀiarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
гьищтӀ-гьищтӀизе
[hiʃːtˀ-hiʃːtˀize]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
гьищтӀ-гьищтӀиларо
[hiʃːtˀ-hiʃːtˀilaro]
0
|
|||