Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
открывать
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Class-based
Yes
Phonology
Pattern:
CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 3
ASCII: rich'ize
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
Yes
System Information
Database ID
2514
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2026-02-15 04:44
Attestation Count
10
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
вичӀана
/[wit͡ʃˀana]/
0
|
йичӀана
/[jit͡ʃˀana]/
0
|
бичӀана
/[bit͡ʃˀana]/
🔒
13
|
ричӀана
/[rit͡ʃˀana]/
🔒
7
|
| Past Simple Negative |
вичӀичӀо
/[wit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀo]/
🔒
4
|
йичӀичӀо
/[jit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀo]/
0
|
бичӀичӀо
/[bit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀo]/
0
|
ричӀичӀо
/[rit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀo]/
0
|
| Future Simple |
вичӀила
/[wit͡ʃˀila]/
0
|
йичӀила
/[jit͡ʃˀila]/
0
|
бичӀила
/[bit͡ʃˀila]/
0
|
ричӀила
/[rit͡ʃˀila]/
0
|
| Future Simple Negative |
вичӀиларо
/[wit͡ʃˀilaro]/
0
|
йичӀиларо
/[jit͡ʃˀilaro]/
0
|
бичӀиларо
/[bit͡ʃˀilaro]/
0
|
ричӀиларо
/[rit͡ʃˀilaro]/
0
|
| Constative |
вичӀула
/[wit͡ʃˀula]/
🔒
1
|
йичӀула
/[jit͡ʃˀula]/
0
|
бичӀула
/[bit͡ʃˀula]/
🔒
2
|
ричӀула
/[rit͡ʃˀula]/
🔒
1
|
| Constative Negative |
вичӀуларо
/[wit͡ʃˀularo]/
0
|
йичӀуларо
/[jit͡ʃˀularo]/
0
|
бичӀуларо
/[bit͡ʃˀularo]/
🔒
10
|
ричӀуларо
/[rit͡ʃˀularo]/
0
|
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
вичӀулаан
/[wit͡ʃʼulajan]/
0
|
йичӀулаан
/[jit͡ʃʼulajan]/
0
|
бичӀулаан
/[bit͡ʃʼulajan]/
🔒
1
|
ричӀулаан
/[rit͡ʃʼulajan]/
0
|
| Remote Past Negative |
вичӀулароан
/[wit͡ʃʼularojan]/
🔒
1
|
йичӀулароан
/[jit͡ʃʼularojan]/
0
|
бичӀулароан
/[bit͡ʃʼularojan]/
0
|
ричӀулароан
/[rit͡ʃʼularojan]/
0
|
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
вичӀе
/[wit͡ʃˀe]/
0
|
йичӀе
/[jit͡ʃˀe]/
0
|
бичӀе
/[bit͡ʃˀe]/
0
|
ричӀе
/[rit͡ʃˀe]/
🔒
2
|
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
вичӀуге
/[wit͡ʃˀuge]/
0
|
йичӀуге
/[jit͡ʃˀuge]/
0
|
бичӀуге
/[bit͡ʃˀuge]/
🔒
1
|
ричӀуге
/[rit͡ʃˀuge]/
0
|
| Optative |
вичӀеги
/[wit͡ʃʼegi]/
0
|
йичӀеги
/[jit͡ʃʼegi]/
0
|
бичӀеги
/[bit͡ʃʼegi]/
0
|
ричӀеги
/[rit͡ʃʼegi]/
0
|
| Prohibitive Optative |
вичӀугеги
/[wit͡ʃˀugegi]/
0
|
йичӀугеги
/[jit͡ʃˀugegi]/
0
|
бичӀугеги
/[bit͡ʃˀugegi]/
0
|
ричӀугеги
/[rit͡ʃˀugegi]/
0
|
| Hortative |
вичӀизин
/[wit͡ʃˀizin]/
0
|
йичӀизин
/[jit͡ʃˀizin]/
0
|
бичӀизин
/[bit͡ʃˀizin]/
0
|
ричӀизин
/[rit͡ʃˀizin]/
0
|
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
вичӀани
/[wit͡ʃˀani]/
0
|
йичӀани
/[jit͡ʃˀani]/
0
|
бичӀани
/[bit͡ʃˀani]/
0
|
ричӀани
/[rit͡ʃˀani]/
0
|
| Conditional Negative |
вичӀичӀони
/[wit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀoni]/
0
|
йичӀичӀони
/[jit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀoni]/
0
|
бичӀичӀони
/[bit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀoni]/
0
|
ричӀичӀони
/[rit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀoni]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀанищ
/[wit͡ʃˀaniʃː]/
0
|
йичӀанищ
/[jit͡ʃˀaniʃː]/
0
|
бичӀанищ
/[bit͡ʃˀaniʃː]/
0
|
ричӀанищ
/[rit͡ʃˀaniʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀичӀищ
/[wit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]/
0
|
йичӀичӀищ
/[jit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]/
0
|
бичӀичӀищ
/[bit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]/
0
|
ричӀичӀищ
/[rit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀiʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀулищ
/[wit͡ʃˀuliʃː]/
0
|
йичӀулищ
/[jit͡ʃˀuliʃː]/
0
|
бичӀулищ
/[bit͡ʃˀuliʃː]/
0
|
ричӀулищ
/[rit͡ʃˀuliʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀуларищ
/[wit͡ʃˀulariʃː]/
0
|
йичӀуларищ
/[jit͡ʃˀulariʃː]/
0
|
бичӀуларищ
/[bit͡ʃˀulariʃː]/
0
|
ричӀуларищ
/[rit͡ʃˀulariʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀилищ
/[wit͡ʃˀiliʃː]/
0
|
йичӀилищ
/[jit͡ʃˀiliʃː]/
0
|
бичӀилищ
/[bit͡ʃˀiliʃː]/
0
|
ричӀилищ
/[rit͡ʃˀiliʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
вичӀиларищ
/[wit͡ʃˀilariʃː]/
0
|
йичӀиларищ
/[jit͡ʃˀilariʃː]/
0
|
бичӀиларищ
/[bit͡ʃˀilariʃː]/
0
|
ричӀиларищ
/[rit͡ʃˀilariʃː]/
0
|
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
вичӀарав
/[wit͡ʃˀaraw]/
0
|
йичӀарай
/[jit͡ʃˀaraj]/
0
|
бичӀараб
/[bit͡ʃˀarab]/
🔒
4
|
ричӀарал
/[rit͡ʃˀaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
вичӀичӀев
/[wit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
йичӀичӀей
/[jit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
бичӀичӀеб
/[bit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀeb]/
🔒
1
|
ричӀичӀел
/[rit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
вичӀулев
/[wit͡ʃˀulew]/
🔒
1
|
йичӀулей
/[jit͡ʃˀulej]/
🔒
1
|
бичӀулеб
/[bit͡ʃˀuleb]/
🔒
22
|
ричӀулел
/[rit͡ʃˀulel]/
🔒
1
|
| Present Participle Negative |
вичӀуларев
/[wit͡ʃˀularew]/
0
|
йичӀуларей
/[jit͡ʃˀularej]/
0
|
бичӀулареб
/[bit͡ʃˀulareb]/
🔒
5
|
ричӀуларел
/[rit͡ʃˀularel]/
🔒
1
|
| Future Participle |
вичӀилев
/[wit͡ʃˀilew]/
0
|
йичӀилей
/[jit͡ʃˀilej]/
0
|
бичӀилеб
/[bit͡ʃˀileb]/
0
|
ричӀилел
/[rit͡ʃˀilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
вичӀиларев
/[wit͡ʃˀilarew]/
0
|
йичӀиларей
/[jit͡ʃˀilarej]/
0
|
бичӀилареб
/[bit͡ʃˀilareb]/
0
|
ричӀиларел
/[rit͡ʃˀilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
вичӀизехъин
/[wit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
йичӀизехъин
/[jit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
бичӀизехъин
/[bit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
ричӀизехъин
/[rit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle Negative |
вичӀизехъинро
/[wit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
йичӀизехъинро
/[jit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
бичӀизехъинро
/[bit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
ричӀизехъинро
/[rit͡ʃˀizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
| Optative Participle |
вичӀеяв
/[wit͡ʃʼejaw]/
0
|
йичӀеяй
/[jit͡ʃʼejaj]/
0
|
бичӀеяб
/[bit͡ʃʼejab]/
0
|
ричӀеял
/[rit͡ʃʼejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
вичӀарав
0
|
йичӀарай
0
|
бичӀараб
4
|
ричӀарал
0
|
| Ergative |
вичӀарас
0
|
йичӀаралъ
0
|
бичӀаралъ
0
|
ричӀараз
0
|
| Genitive |
вичӀарасул
0
|
йичӀаралъул
0
|
бичӀаралъул
0
|
ричӀаразул
0
|
| Dative |
вичӀарасе
0
|
йичӀаралъе
0
|
бичӀаралъе
0
|
ричӀаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
вичӀарасда
0
|
йичӀаралъда
0
|
бичӀаралъда
0
|
ричӀаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
вичӀарасде
0
|
йичӀаралъде
0
|
бичӀаралъде
0
|
ричӀаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
вичӀарасдаса
0
|
йичӀаралъдаса
0
|
бичӀаралъдаса
0
|
ричӀараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
вичӀарасдасан
0
|
йичӀаралъдасан
0
|
бичӀаралъдасан
0
|
ричӀараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
вичӀарасухъ
0
|
йичӀаралъухъ
0
|
бичӀаралъухъ
1
|
ричӀаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
вичӀарасухъе
0
|
йичӀаралъухъе
0
|
бичӀаралъухъе
0
|
ричӀаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
вичӀарасухъа
0
|
йичӀаралъухъа
0
|
бичӀаралъухъа
0
|
ричӀаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
вичӀарасухъан
0
|
йичӀаралъухъан
0
|
бичӀаралъухъан
0
|
ричӀаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
вичӀарасулъ
0
|
йичӀаралъулъ
0
|
бичӀаралъулъ
0
|
ричӀаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
вичӀарасулъе
0
|
йичӀаралъулъе
0
|
бичӀаралъулъе
0
|
ричӀаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
вичӀарасулъа
0
|
йичӀаралъулъа
0
|
бичӀаралъулъа
0
|
ричӀаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
вичӀарасулъан
0
|
йичӀаралъулъан
0
|
бичӀаралъулъан
0
|
ричӀаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
вичӀарасукь
0
|
йичӀаралъукь
0
|
бичӀаралъукь
0
|
ричӀаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
вичӀарасукье
0
|
йичӀаралъукье
0
|
бичӀаралъукье
0
|
ричӀаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
вичӀарасукьа
0
|
йичӀаралъукьа
0
|
бичӀаралъукьа
0
|
ричӀаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
вичӀарасукьан
0
|
йичӀаралъукьан
0
|
бичӀаралъукьан
0
|
ричӀаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
вичӀун
/[wit͡ʃʼun]/
0
|
йичӀун
/[jit͡ʃʼun]/
0
|
бичӀун
/[bit͡ʃʼun]/
🔒
14
|
ричӀун
/[rit͡ʃʼun]/
🔒
13
|
| Adverbial Past |
вичӀун
/[wit͡ʃˀun]/
0
|
йичӀун
/[jit͡ʃˀun]/
0
|
бичӀун
/[bit͡ʃˀun]/
🔒
14
|
ричӀун
/[rit͡ʃˀun]/
🔒
13
|
| Adverbial Past Negative |
вичӀичӀого
/[wit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
3
|
йичӀичӀого
/[jit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
1
|
бичӀичӀого
/[bit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
2
|
ричӀичӀого
/[rit͡ʃˀit͡ʃˀogo]/
🔒
2
|
| Adverbial General |
вичӀулаго
/[wit͡ʃˀulago]/
0
|
йичӀулаго
/[jit͡ʃˀulago]/
0
|
бичӀулаго
/[bit͡ʃˀulago]/
0
|
ричӀулаго
/[rit͡ʃˀulago]/
0
|
| Adverbial General Negative |
вичӀуларого
/[wit͡ʃˀularogo]/
0
|
йичӀуларого
/[jit͡ʃˀularogo]/
0
|
бичӀуларого
/[bit͡ʃˀularogo]/
0
|
ричӀуларого
/[rit͡ʃˀularogo]/
0
|
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
вичӀи
/[wit͡ʃˀi]/
0
|
йичӀи
/[jit͡ʃˀi]/
0
|
бичӀи
/[bit͡ʃʼi]/
🔒
6
|
ричӀи
/[rit͡ʃˀi]/
🔒
3
|
| Infinitive |
вичӀизе
/[wit͡ʃˀize]/
🔒
1
|
йичӀизе
/[jit͡ʃˀize]/
🔒
1
|
бичӀизе
/[bit͡ʃʼize]/
🔒
9
|
ричӀизе
/[rit͡ʃˀize]/
🔒
10
|
| Causative |
вичӀизабизе
/[wit͡ʃˀizabize]/
0
|
йичӀизабизе
/[jit͡ʃˀizabize]/
0
|
бичӀизабизе
/[bit͡ʃˀizabize]/
🔒
7
|
ричӀизабизе
/[rit͡ʃˀizabize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
вичӀизабуларо
/[wit͡ʃˀizabularo]/
0
|
йичӀизабуларо
/[jit͡ʃˀizabularo]/
0
|
бичӀизабуларо
/[bit͡ʃˀizabularo]/
0
|
ричӀизабуларо
/[rit͡ʃˀizabularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
вичӀиавизе
/[wit͡ʃʼijawize]/
0
|
йичӀиайизе
/[jit͡ʃʼijajize]/
0
|
бичӀиабизе
/[bit͡ʃʼijabize]/
0
|
ричӀиаризе
/[rit͡ʃˀijarize]/
0
|
| Durative Negative |
вичӀиавиларо
/[wit͡ʃʼijawilaro]/
0
|
йичӀиайиларо
/[jit͡ʃʼijajilaro]/
0
|
бичӀиабиларо
/[bit͡ʃʼijabilaro]/
0
|
ричӀиариларо
/[rit͡ʃˀijarilaro]/
0
|
| Frequentative |
вичӀ-вичӀизе
/[wit͡ʃˀ-wit͡ʃˀize]/
0
|
йичӀ-йичӀизе
/[jit͡ʃˀ-jit͡ʃˀize]/
0
|
бичӀ-бичӀизе
/[bit͡ʃʼ-bit͡ʃʼize]/
0
|
ричӀ-ричӀизе
/[rit͡ʃˀ-rit͡ʃˀize]/
0
|
| Frequentative Negative |
вичӀ-вичӀиларо
/[wit͡ʃʼ-wit͡ʃʼilaro]/
0
|
йичӀ-йичӀиларо
/[jit͡ʃʼ-jit͡ʃʼilaro]/
0
|
бичӀ-бичӀиларо
/[bit͡ʃʼ-bit͡ʃʼilaro]/
0
|
ричӀ-ричӀиларо
/[rit͡ʃˀ-rit͡ʃˀilaro]/
0
|