Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
продырявиться, стать пористым
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CVC.CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 4
ASCII: kartʼakhkhine
Derivation Method
Suffix
Derived From
Derivation Suffix
-ххине
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
2547
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2026-02-15 06:19
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[kʰartʼaχːunew wugo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːunej jigo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːuneb bugo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːunel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[kʰartʼaχːunew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːunej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːuneb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[kʰartʼaχːunel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
картӀаххана
[kʰartˀaχːana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
картӀаххинчӀо
[kʰartˀaχːint͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
картӀаххина
[kʰartˀaχːina]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
картӀаххинаро
[kʰartˀaχːinaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
картӀаххуна
[kʰartˀaχːuna]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
картӀаххунаро
[kʰartˀaχːunaro]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
картӀаххунаан
[kʰartʼaχːunajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
картӀаххунароан
[kʰartʼaχːunarojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
картӀахха
[kʰartˀaχːa]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
картӀаххунге
[kʰartˀaχːunge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
картӀаххаги
[kʰartˀaχːagi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
картӀаххунгеги
[kʰartˀaχːungegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
картӀаххинин
[kʰartʼaχːinin]
🔒
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
картӀаххани
[kʰartˀaχːani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
картӀаххинчӀони
[kʰartˀaχːint͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
картӀахханищ
[kʰartˀaχːaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаххинчӀищ
[kʰartˀaχːint͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаххунищ
[kʰartˀaχːuniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаххунарищ
[kʰartˀaχːunariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаххинищ
[kʰartˀaχːiniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
картӀаххинарищ
[kʰartˀaχːinariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
картӀаххарав
/[kʰartʼaχːaraw]/
0
|
картӀаххарай
/[kʰartʼaχːaraj]/
0
|
картӀаххараб
/[kʰartʼaχːarab]/
0
|
картӀаххарал
/[kʰartʼaχːaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
картӀаххинчӀев
/[kʰartʼaχːint͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
картӀаххинчӀей
/[kʰartʼaχːint͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
картӀаххинчӀеб
/[kʰartʼaχːint͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
картӀаххинчӀел
/[kʰartʼaχːint͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
картӀаххунев
/[kʰartʼaχːunew]/
0
|
картӀаххуней
/[kʰartʼaχːunej]/
0
|
картӀаххунеб
/[kʰartʼaχːuneb]/
0
|
картӀаххунел
/[kʰartʼaχːunel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
картӀаххунарев
/[kʰartʼaχːunarew]/
0
|
картӀаххунарей
/[kʰartʼaχːunarej]/
0
|
картӀаххунареб
/[kʰartʼaχːunareb]/
0
|
картӀаххунарел
/[kʰartʼaχːunarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
картӀаххинев
/[kʰartʼaχːinew]/
0
|
картӀаххиней
/[kʰartʼaχːinej]/
0
|
картӀаххинеб
/[kʰartʼaχːineb]/
0
|
картӀаххинел
/[kʰartʼaχːinel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
картӀаххинарев
/[kʰartʼaχːinarew]/
0
|
картӀаххинарей
/[kʰartʼaχːinarej]/
0
|
картӀаххинареб
/[kʰartʼaχːinareb]/
0
|
картӀаххинарел
/[kʰartʼaχːinarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
картӀаххинехъин
[kʰartʼaχːineq͡χːin]
🔒
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
картӀаххинехъинро
[kʰartʼaχːineq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
картӀаххаяв
/[kʰartˀaχːajaw]/
0
|
картӀаххаяй
/[kʰartˀaχːajaj]/
0
|
картӀаххаяб
/[kʰartˀaχːajab]/
0
|
картӀаххаял
/[kʰartʼaχːajal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
картӀаххарав
0
|
картӀаххарай
0
|
картӀаххараб
0
|
картӀаххарал
0
|
| Ergative |
картӀаххарас
0
|
картӀаххаралъ
0
|
картӀаххаралъ
0
|
картӀаххараз
0
|
| Genitive |
картӀаххарасул
0
|
картӀаххаралъул
0
|
картӀаххаралъул
0
|
картӀаххаразул
0
|
| Dative |
картӀаххарасе
0
|
картӀаххаралъе
0
|
картӀаххаралъе
0
|
картӀаххаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
картӀаххарасда
0
|
картӀаххаралъда
0
|
картӀаххаралъда
0
|
картӀаххаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
картӀаххарасде
0
|
картӀаххаралъде
0
|
картӀаххаралъде
0
|
картӀаххаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
картӀаххарасдаса
0
|
картӀаххаралъдаса
0
|
картӀаххаралъдаса
0
|
картӀаххараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
картӀаххарасдасан
0
|
картӀаххаралъдасан
0
|
картӀаххаралъдасан
0
|
картӀаххараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
картӀаххарасухъ
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъ
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъ
0
|
картӀаххаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
картӀаххарасухъе
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъе
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъе
0
|
картӀаххаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
картӀаххарасухъа
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъа
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъа
0
|
картӀаххаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
картӀаххарасухъан
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъан
0
|
картӀаххаралъухъан
0
|
картӀаххаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
картӀаххарасулъ
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъ
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъ
0
|
картӀаххаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
картӀаххарасулъе
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъе
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъе
0
|
картӀаххаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
картӀаххарасулъа
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъа
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъа
0
|
картӀаххаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
картӀаххарасулъан
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъан
0
|
картӀаххаралъулъан
0
|
картӀаххаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
картӀаххарасукь
0
|
картӀаххаралъукь
0
|
картӀаххаралъукь
0
|
картӀаххаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
картӀаххарасукье
0
|
картӀаххаралъукье
0
|
картӀаххаралъукье
0
|
картӀаххаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
картӀаххарасукьа
0
|
картӀаххаралъукьа
0
|
картӀаххаралъукьа
0
|
картӀаххаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
картӀаххарасукьан
0
|
картӀаххаралъукьан
0
|
картӀаххаралъукьан
0
|
картӀаххаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
картӀаххун
[kʰartʼaχːun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
картӀаххун
[kʰartʼaχːun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
картӀаххинчӀого
[kʰartˀaχːint͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
картӀаххунаго
[kʰartʼaχːunago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
картӀаххунарого
[kʰartˀaχːunarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
картӀаххин
[kʰartʼaχːin]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
картӀаххине
[kʰartˀaχːine]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
картӀаххинавизе
/[kʰartʼaχːinawize]/
🔒
0
|
картӀаххинайизе
/[kʰartʼaχːinajize]/
0
|
картӀаххинабизе
/[kʰartʼaχːinabize]/
🔒
0
|
картӀаххинаризе
/[kʰartʼaχːinarize]/
🔒
0
|
| Causative Negative |
картӀаххинавуларо
/[kʰartʼaχːinawularo]/
0
|
картӀаххинайуларо
/[kʰartʼaχːinajularo]/
0
|
картӀаххинабуларо
/[kʰartˀaχːinabularo]/
0
|
картӀаххинаруларо
/[kʰartʼaχːinarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
картӀахханхъизе
[kʰartʼaχːanq͡χːize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
картӀахханхъиларо
[kʰartˀaχːanq͡χːilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
картӀахх-картӀаххине
[kʰartˀaχː-kʰartˀaχːine]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
картӀахх-картӀаххинаро
[kʰartˀaχː-kʰartˀaχːinaro]
0
|
|||