Personal Notes
This word has other meanings (homographs).
View alternatives
🌐 Translations
Russian
иди (отсюда); уходи; ступай
English
go (away); leave; step
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
V
Syllables: 1
ASCII: a
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
4352
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2026-03-22 12:29
Attestation Count
1080
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Future Simple |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
аро
[ʔaro]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Constative |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
аро
[ʔaro]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
аан
[ʔajan]
🔒
2
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
ароан
[ʔarojan]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
—
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
аге
[ʔage]
🔒
9
|
|||
| Optative |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
агеги
[ʔagegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
аин
[ʔaʔin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
—
0
|
|||
| Conditional |
ани
[ʔani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
ани
[ʔani]
🔒
200
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
ищ
[ʔiʃː]
🔒
11
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
ищ
[ʔiʃː]
🔒
11
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
ищ
[ʔiʃː]
🔒
11
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
арищ
[ʔariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
ищ
[ʔiʃː]
🔒
11
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
арищ
[ʔariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
арав
/[ʔaraw]/
🔒
493
|
арай
/[ʔaraj]/
🔒
118
|
араб
/[ʔarab]/
🔒
2613
|
арал
/[ʔaral]/
🔒
867
|
| Past Participle Negative |
аев
/[ʔajew]/
🔒
1
|
аей
/[ʔajej]/
0
|
аеб
/[ʔajeb]/
0
|
аел
/[ʔajel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
ев
/[ʔew]/
🔒
12
|
ей
/[ʔej]/
🔒
3
|
еб
/[ʔeb]/
🔒
55
|
ел
/[ʔel]/
🔒
20
|
| Present Participle Negative |
арев
/[ʔarew]/
0
|
арей
/[ʔarej]/
0
|
ареб
/[ʔareb]/
0
|
арел
/[ʔarel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
ев
/[ʔew]/
🔒
12
|
ей
/[ʔej]/
🔒
3
|
еб
/[ʔeb]/
🔒
55
|
ел
/[ʔel]/
🔒
20
|
| Future Participle Negative |
арев
/[ʔarew]/
0
|
арей
/[ʔarej]/
0
|
ареб
/[ʔareb]/
0
|
арел
/[ʔarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
ахъин
[ʔaq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
ахъинро
[ʔaq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
—
0
|
|||
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
арав
493
|
арай
118
|
араб
2613
|
арал
867
|
| Ergative |
арас
3
|
аралъ
2
|
аралъ
2
|
араз
11
|
| Genitive |
арасул
3
|
аралъул
28
|
аралъул
28
|
аразул
100
|
| Dative |
арасе
0
|
аралъе
2
|
аралъе
2
|
аразе
21
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
арасда
1
|
аралъда
0
|
аралъда
0
|
аразда
27
|
| Allative (-де) |
арасде
0
|
аралъде
0
|
аралъде
0
|
аразде
3
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
арасдаса
0
|
аралъдаса
0
|
аралъдаса
0
|
араздаса
1
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
арасдасан
0
|
аралъдасан
0
|
аралъдасан
0
|
араздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
арасухъ
0
|
аралъухъ
8
|
аралъухъ
8
|
аразухъ
2
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
арасухъе
0
|
аралъухъе
0
|
аралъухъе
0
|
аразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
арасухъа
0
|
аралъухъа
0
|
аралъухъа
0
|
аразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
арасухъан
0
|
аралъухъан
0
|
аралъухъан
0
|
аразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
арасулъ
0
|
аралъулъ
1
|
аралъулъ
1
|
аразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
арасулъе
0
|
аралъулъе
0
|
аралъулъе
0
|
аразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
арасулъа
0
|
аралъулъа
0
|
аралъулъа
0
|
аразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
арасулъан
0
|
аралъулъан
0
|
аралъулъан
0
|
аразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
арасукь
0
|
аралъукь
0
|
аралъукь
0
|
аразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
арасукье
0
|
аралъукье
0
|
аралъукье
0
|
аразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
арасукьа
0
|
аралъукьа
0
|
аралъукьа
0
|
аразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
арасукьан
0
|
аралъукьан
0
|
аралъукьан
0
|
аразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
—
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
ан
[ʔan]
🔒
714
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
аго
[ʔago]
🔒
7
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
аго
[ʔago]
🔒
7
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
арого
[ʔarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Infinitive |
а
[ʔa]
🔒
1080
|
|||
| Causative |
—
0
|
|||
| Causative Negative |
—
0
|
|||
| Durative |
—
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
—
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
—
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
—
0
|
|||