Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
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📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CCVC.CCV.CV.CV
Syllables: 4
ASCII: ts'vak-ts'vakize
Derivational Type
- Other derivation Not specified: from цӀвакизе
Transitivity
Unknown
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
190513
Fixed/Locked
No
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulew wugo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulej jigo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰuleb bugo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulew het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulej het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰuleb het͡ʃˀo]/ |
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulel het͡ʃˀo]/ |
| Past Simple |
цӀвак-цӀвакана
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰana]
0
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀо
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀo]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple |
цӀвак-цӀвакила
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰila]
0
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакиларо
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilaro]
0
|
|||
| Constative |
цӀвак-цӀвакула
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰula]
0
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакуларо
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰularo]
0
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
цӀвак-цӀвакулаан
[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰulajan]
0
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакулароан
[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰularojan]
0
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
цӀвак-цӀваке
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰe]
0
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
цӀвак-цӀвакуге
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰuge]
0
|
|||
| Optative |
цӀвак-цӀвакеги
[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰegi]
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
цӀвак-цӀвакугеги
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰugegi]
0
|
|||
| Hortative |
цӀвак-цӀвакизин
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰizin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
цӀвак-цӀвакани
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰani]
0
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀони
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀoni]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀваканищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰaniʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀiʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀвакулищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰuliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀвакуларищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulariʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀвакилищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰiliʃː]
0
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
цӀвак-цӀвакиларищ
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilariʃː]
0
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
цӀвак-цӀвакарав
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰaraw]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакарай
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰaraj]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакараб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰarab]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакарал
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀев
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀew]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀей
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀej]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀеб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀeb]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀел
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
цӀвак-цӀвакулев
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulew]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакулей
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulej]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакулеб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰuleb]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакулел
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакуларев
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰularew]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакуларей
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰularej]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакулареб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulareb]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакуларел
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰularel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
цӀвак-цӀвакилев
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilew]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакилей
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilej]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакилеб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰileb]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакилел
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакиларев
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilarew]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакиларей
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilarej]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакилареб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilareb]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакиларел
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
цӀвак-цӀвакизехъин
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰizeq͡χːin]
0
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакизехъинро
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰizeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
цӀвак-цӀвакеяв
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰejaw]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакеяй
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰejaj]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакеяб
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰejab]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакеял
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
цӀвак-цӀвакарав
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакарай
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакараб
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакарал
0
|
| Ergative |
цӀвак-цӀвакарас
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакараз
0
|
| Genitive |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасул
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъул
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъул
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразул
0
|
| Dative |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасда
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъда
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъда
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасде
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъде
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъде
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасдаса
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъдаса
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъдаса
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасдасан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъдасан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъдасан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасухъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасухъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасухъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасухъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъухъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасулъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъ
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасулъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъе
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасулъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасулъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъулъан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасукь
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукь
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукь
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасукье
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукье
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукье
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасукьа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукьа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукьа
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
цӀвак-цӀвакарасукьан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукьан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаралъукьан
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
цӀвак-цӀвакун
[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
цӀвак-цӀвакун
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰun]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакичӀого
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰit͡ʃˀogo]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
цӀвак-цӀвакулаго
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰulago]
0
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакуларого
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰularogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
цӀвак-цӀваки
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰi]
0
|
|||
| Infinitive |
цӀвак-цӀвакизе
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰize]
0
|
|||
| Causative |
цӀвак-цӀвакизавизе
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizawize]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизайизе
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizajize]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизабизе
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰizabize]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизаризе
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакизавуларо
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizawularo]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизайуларо
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizajularo]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизабуларо
/[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰizabularo]/
0
|
цӀвак-цӀвакизаруларо
/[t͡sʼwakʰ-t͡sʼwakʰizarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
цӀвак-цӀвакиаризе
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰijarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвакиариларо
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰijarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
цӀвак-цӀвак-цӀвак-цӀвакизе
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰize]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
цӀвак-цӀвак-цӀвак-цӀвакиларо
[t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰ-t͡sˀwakʰilaro]
0
|
|||