Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
ковырять
English
to pick, to dig into
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Class-based
Yes
Phonology
Pattern:
CV.CV.CV.CV.CV
Syllables: 5
ASCII: bikʼa-bishize
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
Yes
System Information
Database ID
285964
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2026-04-24 11:01
Attestation Count
0
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
/[wikʼa-wiʃulew wugo]/ |
/[jikʼa-jiʃulej jigo]/ |
/[bikʼa-biʃuleb bugo]/ |
/[rikʼa-riʃulel rugo]/ |
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
/[wikʼa-wiʃulew het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[jikʼa-jiʃulej het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[bikʼa-biʃuleb het͡ʃʼo]/ |
/[rikʼa-riʃulel het͡ʃʼo]/ |
| Past Simple |
викӀа-вишана
/[wikʼa-wiʃana]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишана
/[jikʼa-jiʃana]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишана
/[bikʼa-biʃana]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришана
/[rikʼa-riʃana]/
0
|
| Past Simple Negative |
викӀа-вишичӀо
/[wikʼa-wiʃit͡ʃʼo]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишичӀо
/[jikʼa-jiʃit͡ʃʼo]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишичӀо
/[bikʼa-biʃit͡ʃʼo]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришичӀо
/[rikʼa-riʃit͡ʃʼo]/
0
|
| Future Simple |
викӀа-вишила
/[wikʼa-wiʃila]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишила
/[jikʼa-jiʃila]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишила
/[bikʼa-biʃila]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришила
/[rikʼa-riʃila]/
0
|
| Future Simple Negative |
викӀа-вишиларо
/[wikʼa-wiʃilaro]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишиларо
/[jikʼa-jiʃilaro]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишиларо
/[bikʼa-biʃilaro]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришиларо
/[rikʼa-riʃilaro]/
0
|
| Constative |
викӀа-вишула
/[wikʼa-wiʃula]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишула
/[jikʼa-jiʃula]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишула
/[bikʼa-biʃula]/
🔒
0
|
рикӀа-ришула
/[rikʼa-riʃula]/
0
|
| Constative Negative |
викӀа-вишуларо
/[wikʼa-wiʃularo]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишуларо
/[jikʼa-jiʃularo]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишуларо
/[bikʼa-biʃularo]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришуларо
/[rikʼa-riʃularo]/
0
|
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
викӀа-вишулаан
/[wikʼa-wiʃulajan]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишулаан
/[jikʼa-jiʃulajan]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулаан
/[bikʼa-biʃulajan]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришулаан
/[rikʼa-riʃulajan]/
0
|
| Remote Past Negative |
викӀа-вишулароан
/[wikʼa-wiʃularojan]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишулароан
/[jikʼa-jiʃularojan]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулароан
/[bikʼa-biʃularojan]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришулароан
/[rikʼa-riʃularojan]/
0
|
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
викӀа-више
/[wikʼa-wiʃe]/
0
|
йикӀа-йише
/[jikʼa-jiʃe]/
0
|
бикӀа-бише
/[bikʼa-biʃe]/
🔒
0
|
рикӀа-рише
/[rikʼa-riʃe]/
0
|
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
викӀа-вишуге
/[wikʼa-wiʃuge]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишуге
/[jikʼa-jiʃuge]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишуге
/[bikʼa-biʃuge]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришуге
/[rikʼa-riʃuge]/
0
|
| Optative |
викӀа-вишеги
/[wikʼa-wiʃegi]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишеги
/[jikʼa-jiʃegi]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишеги
/[bikʼa-biʃegi]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришеги
/[rikʼa-riʃegi]/
0
|
| Prohibitive Optative |
викӀа-вишугеги
/[wikʼa-wiʃugegi]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишугеги
/[jikʼa-jiʃugegi]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишугеги
/[bikʼa-biʃugegi]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришугеги
/[rikʼa-riʃugegi]/
0
|
| Hortative |
викӀа-вишизин
/[wikʼa-wiʃizin]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизин
/[jikʼa-jiʃizin]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизин
/[bikʼa-biʃizin]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизин
/[rikʼa-riʃizin]/
0
|
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
викӀа-вишани
/[wikʼa-wiʃani]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишани
/[jikʼa-jiʃani]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишани
/[bikʼa-biʃani]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришани
/[rikʼa-riʃani]/
0
|
| Conditional Negative |
викӀа-вишичӀони
/[wikʼa-wiʃit͡ʃʼoni]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишичӀони
/[jikʼa-jiʃit͡ʃʼoni]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишичӀони
/[bikʼa-biʃit͡ʃʼoni]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришичӀони
/[rikʼa-riʃit͡ʃʼoni]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишанищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃaniʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишанищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃaniʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишанищ
/[bikʼa-biʃaniʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришанищ
/[rikʼa-riʃaniʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишичӀищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃit͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишичӀищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃit͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишичӀищ
/[bikʼa-biʃit͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришичӀищ
/[rikʼa-riʃit͡ʃʼiʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишулищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃuliʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишулищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃuliʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулищ
/[bikʼa-biʃuliʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришулищ
/[rikʼa-riʃuliʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишуларищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃulariʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишуларищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃulariʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишуларищ
/[bikʼa-biʃulariʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришуларищ
/[rikʼa-riʃulariʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишилищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃiliʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишилищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃiliʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишилищ
/[bikʼa-biʃiliʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришилищ
/[rikʼa-riʃiliʃː]/
0
|
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
викӀа-вишиларищ
/[wikʼa-wiʃilariʃː]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишиларищ
/[jikʼa-jiʃilariʃː]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишиларищ
/[bikʼa-biʃilariʃː]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришиларищ
/[rikʼa-riʃilariʃː]/
0
|
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
викӀа-вишарав
/[wikʼa-wiʃaraw]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишарай
/[jikʼa-jiʃaraj]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишараб
/[bikʼa-biʃarab]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришарал
/[rikʼa-riʃaral]/
0
|
| Past Participle Negative |
викӀа-вишичӀев
/[wikʼa-wiʃit͡ʃʼew]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишичӀей
/[jikʼa-jiʃit͡ʃʼej]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишичӀеб
/[bikʼa-biʃit͡ʃʼeb]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришичӀел
/[rikʼa-riʃit͡ʃʼel]/
0
|
| Present Participle |
викӀа-вишулев
/[wikʼa-wiʃulew]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишулей
/[jikʼa-jiʃulej]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулеб
/[bikʼa-biʃuleb]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришулел
/[rikʼa-riʃulel]/
0
|
| Present Participle Negative |
викӀа-вишуларев
/[wikʼa-wiʃularew]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишуларей
/[jikʼa-jiʃularej]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулареб
/[bikʼa-biʃulareb]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришуларел
/[rikʼa-riʃularel]/
0
|
| Future Participle |
викӀа-вишилев
/[wikʼa-wiʃilew]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишилей
/[jikʼa-jiʃilej]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишилеб
/[bikʼa-biʃileb]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришилел
/[rikʼa-riʃilel]/
0
|
| Future Participle Negative |
викӀа-вишиларев
/[wikʼa-wiʃilarew]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишиларей
/[jikʼa-jiʃilarej]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишилареб
/[bikʼa-biʃilareb]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришиларел
/[rikʼa-riʃilarel]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle |
викӀа-вишизехъин
/[wikʼa-wiʃizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизехъин
/[jikʼa-jiʃizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизехъин
/[bikʼa-biʃizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизехъин
/[rikʼa-riʃizeq͡χːin]/
0
|
| Intentional Participle Negative |
викӀа-вишизехъинро
/[wikʼa-wiʃizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизехъинро
/[jikʼa-jiʃizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизехъинро
/[bikʼa-biʃizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизехъинро
/[rikʼa-riʃizeq͡χːinro]/
0
|
| Optative Participle |
викӀа-вишеяв
/[wikʼa-wiʃejaw]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишеяй
/[jikʼa-jiʃejaj]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишеяб
/[bikʼa-biʃejab]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришеял
/[rikʼa-riʃejal]/
0
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
викӀа-вишарав
0
|
йикӀа-йишарай
0
|
бикӀа-бишараб
0
|
рикӀа-ришарал
0
|
| Ergative |
викӀа-вишарас
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъ
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъ
0
|
рикӀа-ришараз
0
|
| Genitive |
викӀа-вишарасул
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъул
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъул
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразул
0
|
| Dative |
викӀа-вишарасе
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъе
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъе
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразе
0
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
викӀа-вишарасда
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъда
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъда
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразда
0
|
| Allative (-де) |
викӀа-вишарасде
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъде
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъде
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразде
0
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
викӀа-вишарасдаса
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъдаса
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъдаса
0
|
рикӀа-ришараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
викӀа-вишарасдасан
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъдасан
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъдасан
0
|
рикӀа-ришараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
викӀа-вишарасухъ
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъухъ
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъухъ
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразухъ
0
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
викӀа-вишарасухъе
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъухъе
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъухъе
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
викӀа-вишарасухъа
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъухъа
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъухъа
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
викӀа-вишарасухъан
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъухъан
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъухъан
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
викӀа-вишарасулъ
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъулъ
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъулъ
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразулъ
0
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
викӀа-вишарасулъе
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъулъе
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъулъе
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
викӀа-вишарасулъа
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъулъа
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъулъа
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
викӀа-вишарасулъан
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъулъан
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъулъан
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
викӀа-вишарасукь
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъукь
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъукь
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
викӀа-вишарасукье
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъукье
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъукье
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
викӀа-вишарасукьа
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъукьа
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъукьа
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
викӀа-вишарасукьан
0
|
йикӀа-йишаралъукьан
0
|
бикӀа-бишаралъукьан
0
|
рикӀа-ришаразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
викӀа-вишун
/[wikʼa-wiʃun]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишун
/[jikʼa-jiʃun]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишун
/[bikʼa-biʃun]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришун
/[rikʼa-riʃun]/
0
|
| Adverbial Past |
викӀа-вишун
/[wikʼa-wiʃun]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишун
/[jikʼa-jiʃun]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишун
/[bikʼa-biʃun]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришун
/[rikʼa-riʃun]/
0
|
| Adverbial Past Negative |
викӀа-вишичӀого
/[wikʼa-wiʃit͡ʃʼogo]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишичӀого
/[jikʼa-jiʃit͡ʃʼogo]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишичӀого
/[bikʼa-biʃit͡ʃʼogo]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришичӀого
/[rikʼa-riʃit͡ʃʼogo]/
0
|
| Adverbial General |
викӀа-вишулаго
/[wikʼa-wiʃulago]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишулаго
/[jikʼa-jiʃulago]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишулаго
/[bikʼa-biʃulago]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришулаго
/[rikʼa-riʃulago]/
0
|
| Adverbial General Negative |
викӀа-вишуларого
/[wikʼa-wiʃularogo]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишуларого
/[jikʼa-jiʃularogo]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишуларого
/[bikʼa-biʃularogo]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришуларого
/[rikʼa-riʃularogo]/
0
|
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
викӀа-виши
/[wikʼa-wiʃi]/
0
|
йикӀа-йиши
/[jikʼa-jiʃi]/
0
|
бикӀа-биши
/[bikʼa-biʃi]/
0
|
рикӀа-риши
/[rikʼa-riʃi]/
0
|
| Infinitive |
викӀа-вишизе
/[wikʼa-wiʃize]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизе
/[jikʼa-jiʃize]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизе
/[bikʼa-biʃize]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизе
/[rikʼa-riʃize]/
0
|
| Causative |
викӀа-вишизавизе
/[wikʼa-wiʃizawize]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизайизе
/[jikʼa-jiʃizajize]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизабизе
/[bikʼa-biʃizabize]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизаризе
/[rikʼa-riʃizarize]/
0
|
| Causative Negative |
викӀа-вишизавуларо
/[wikʼa-wiʃizawularo]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишизайуларо
/[jikʼa-jiʃizajularo]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишизабуларо
/[bikʼa-biʃizabularo]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришизаруларо
/[rikʼa-riʃizarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
викӀа-вишиаризе
/[wikʼa-wiʃijarize]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишиаризе
/[jikʼa-jiʃijarize]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишиаризе
/[bikʼa-biʃijarize]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришиаризе
/[rikʼa-riʃijarize]/
0
|
| Durative Negative |
викӀа-вишиариларо
/[wikʼa-wiʃijarilaro]/
0
|
йикӀа-йишиариларо
/[jikʼa-jiʃijarilaro]/
0
|
бикӀа-бишиариларо
/[bikʼa-biʃijarilaro]/
0
|
рикӀа-ришиариларо
/[rikʼa-riʃijarilaro]/
0
|
| Frequentative |
викӀа-виш-викӀа-вишизе
/[wikʼa-wiʃ-wikʼa-wiʃize]/
0
|
йикӀа-йиш-йикӀа-йишизе
/[jikʼa-jiʃ-jikʼa-jiʃize]/
0
|
бикӀа-биш-бикӀа-бишизе
/[bikʼa-biʃ-bikʼa-biʃize]/
0
|
рикӀа-риш-рикӀа-ришизе
/[rikʼa-riʃ-rikʼa-riʃize]/
0
|
| Frequentative Negative |
викӀа-виш-викӀа-вишиларо
/[wikʼa-wiʃ-wikʼa-wiʃilaro]/
0
|
йикӀа-йиш-йикӀа-йишиларо
/[jikʼa-jiʃ-jikʼa-jiʃilaro]/
0
|
бикӀа-биш-бикӀа-бишиларо
/[bikʼa-biʃ-bikʼa-biʃilaro]/
0
|
рикӀа-риш-рикӀа-ришиларо
/[rikʼa-riʃ-rikʼa-riʃilaro]/
0
|