Personal Notes
🌐 Translations
Russian
бить
вбить
вколоть
всадить
выбить
вывесить
забить
загнать
заесть
закатить
заколотить
заколоть
застрелить
затравить
истыкать
класть
колоть
копать
крыть
набить
надавить
надеть
наколоть
наложить
обить
облокотиться
пахнуть
перебить
повесить
подбить
поразить
прибить
приколоть
прикончить
прихлопнуть
пришпилить
пронюхать
раскинуть
сразить
тыкать
убить
убрать
угробить
угрохать
уколоть
уложить
умертвить
утыкать
ухлопать
хлопать
English
📚 Grammar Information
Part of Speech
Verb
Phonology
Pattern:
CCV.CV
Syllables: 2
ASCII: ch'vaze
Transitivity
Transitive
Aspect
Not specified
Voice
Not specified
Class-based
No
System Information
Database ID
171292
Fixed/Locked
Yes
Created
2025-06-07 16:48
Attestation Count
651
Morphology & Forms
🔤 Verb Forms
Tip: Click on the colored attestation badges next to any word form to see usage examples from the corpus.
Tenses (Present, Past, Future) 32
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Present
present participle + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Present Negative
present participle + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Past Simple |
чӀвана
[t͡ʃˀwana]
🔒
472
|
|||
| Past Simple Negative |
чӀвачӀо
[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀo]
🔒
29
|
|||
| Future Simple |
чӀвала
[t͡ʃˀwala]
🔒
204
|
|||
| Future Simple Negative |
чӀваларо
[t͡ʃˀwalaro]
🔒
31
|
|||
| Constative |
чӀвала
[t͡ʃˀwala]
🔒
204
|
|||
| Constative Negative |
чӀваларо
[t͡ʃˀwalaro]
🔒
31
|
|||
|
Future Composite
infinitive + future auxiliary
|
||||
|
Inceptive
infinitive + inceptive auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Present |
—
0
|
|||
|
Past Indefinite
adverbial past + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Indefinite Negative
adverbial past + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
| Remote Past |
чӀвалаан
[t͡ʃʼwalajan]
🔒
28
|
|||
| Remote Past Negative |
чӀвалароан
[t͡ʃʼwalarojan]
🔒
4
|
|||
|
Past Perfective
adverbial past + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Perfective Negative
adverbial past + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective
present participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Imperfective Negative
present participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative
infinitive + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Obligative Negative
infinitive + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential
adverbial past + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Evidential Negative
adverbial past negative + past gerund + present negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual
adverbial past + constative past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Resultative Habitual Negative
adverbial past + constative past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional
intentional participle + past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Intentional Negative
intentional participle + past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential
adverbial past + remote past auxiliary
|
||||
|
Past Remote Evidential Negative
adverbial past + remote past negative auxiliary
|
||||
|
Obligative Subjunctive
infinitive + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Habitual Evidential
present participle + past gerund + present auxiliary
|
||||
|
Constative Compound
present participle + constative auxiliary
|
||||
Moods (Imperative, Conditional, Optative) 15
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative |
чӀва
[t͡ʃˀwa]
🔒
22
|
|||
| Imp Alt |
—
0
|
|||
| Prohibitive |
чӀваге
[t͡ʃˀwage]
🔒
43
|
|||
| Optative |
чӀваги
[t͡ʃˀwagi]
🔒
8
|
|||
| Prohibitive Optative |
чӀвагеги
[t͡ʃˀwagegi]
🔒
1
|
|||
| Hortative |
чӀвазин
[t͡ʃˀwazin]
0
|
|||
|
Analytical Imperative
imperative + абе
|
||||
| Conditional |
чӀвани
[t͡ʃˀwani]
🔒
27
|
|||
| Conditional Negative |
чӀвачӀони
[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀoni]
🔒
2
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past
past simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀванищ
[t͡ʃˀwaniʃː]
🔒
3
|
|||
|
Interrogative Past Negative
past simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀвачӀищ
[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀiʃː]
🔒
2
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative
constative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀвалищ
[t͡ʃˀwaliʃː]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Interrogative Constative Negative
constative negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀваларищ
[t͡ʃˀwalariʃː]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future
future simple + interrogative suffix
|
чӀвалищ
[t͡ʃˀwaliʃː]
🔒
1
|
|||
|
Interrogative Future Negative
future simple negative + interrogative suffix
|
чӀваларищ
[t͡ʃˀwalariʃː]
🔒
1
|
|||
Participles (Verbal Adjectives) 9
Participles denote a property based on an action. They decline like adjectives.
Case declension (when used as nouns) appears below.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Participle |
чӀварав
/[t͡ʃˀwaraw]/
🔒
185
|
чӀварай
/[t͡ʃˀwaraj]/
🔒
22
|
чӀвараб
/[t͡ʃˀwarab]/
🔒
225
|
чӀварал
/[t͡ʃˀwaral]/
🔒
297
|
| Past Participle Negative |
чӀвачӀев
/[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀew]/
🔒
4
|
чӀвачӀей
/[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀej]/
🔒
0
|
чӀвачӀеб
/[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀeb]/
🔒
10
|
чӀвачӀел
/[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀel]/
🔒
5
|
| Present Participle |
чӀвалев
/[t͡ʃˀwalew]/
🔒
43
|
чӀвалей
/[t͡ʃˀwalej]/
🔒
6
|
чӀвалеб
/[t͡ʃˀwaleb]/
🔒
177
|
чӀвалел
/[t͡ʃˀwalel]/
🔒
176
|
| Present Participle Negative |
чӀваларев
/[t͡ʃˀwalarew]/
🔒
2
|
чӀваларей
/[t͡ʃˀwalarej]/
🔒
0
|
чӀвалареб
/[t͡ʃˀwalareb]/
🔒
15
|
чӀваларел
/[t͡ʃˀwalarel]/
🔒
2
|
| Future Participle |
чӀвалев
/[t͡ʃˀwalew]/
🔒
43
|
чӀвалей
/[t͡ʃˀwalej]/
🔒
6
|
чӀвалеб
/[t͡ʃˀwaleb]/
🔒
177
|
чӀвалел
/[t͡ʃˀwalel]/
🔒
176
|
| Future Participle Negative |
чӀваларев
/[t͡ʃˀwalarew]/
🔒
2
|
чӀваларей
/[t͡ʃˀwalarej]/
🔒
0
|
чӀвалареб
/[t͡ʃˀwalareb]/
🔒
15
|
чӀваларел
/[t͡ʃˀwalarel]/
🔒
2
|
| Intentional Participle |
чӀвазехъин
[t͡ʃˀwazeq͡χːin]
🔒
9
|
|||
| Intentional Participle Negative |
чӀвазехъинро
[t͡ʃˀwazeq͡χːinro]
0
|
|||
| Optative Participle |
чӀваяв
/[t͡ʃˀwajaw]/
🔒
11
|
чӀваяй
/[t͡ʃˀwajaj]/
0
|
чӀваяб
/[t͡ʃˀwajab]/
🔒
2
|
чӀваял
/[t͡ʃʼwajal]/
🔒
12
|
Substantivized participles (e.g. "the one who came") decline like nouns. Showing Series I local cases.
| Case | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative |
чӀварав
185
|
чӀварай
22
|
чӀвараб
225
|
чӀварал
297
|
| Ergative |
чӀварас
1
|
чӀваралъ
0
|
чӀваралъ
0
|
чӀвараз
4
|
| Genitive |
чӀварасул
25
|
чӀваралъул
2
|
чӀваралъул
2
|
чӀваразул
52
|
| Dative |
чӀварасе
1
|
чӀваралъе
1
|
чӀваралъе
1
|
чӀваразе
11
|
| Series 1 surface contact (LOC -да · ALL -де · ABL -даса · PERL -дасан) | ||||
| Locative (-да) |
чӀварасда
2
|
чӀваралъда
0
|
чӀваралъда
0
|
чӀваразда
12
|
| Allative (-де) |
чӀварасде
1
|
чӀваралъде
0
|
чӀваралъде
0
|
чӀваразде
1
|
| Ablative (-даса) |
чӀварасдаса
1
|
чӀваралъдаса
0
|
чӀваралъдаса
0
|
чӀвараздаса
0
|
| Perlative (-дасан) |
чӀварасдасан
0
|
чӀваралъдасан
0
|
чӀваралъдасан
0
|
чӀвараздасан
0
|
| Series 2 proximity / near (LOC -хъ · ALL -хъе · ABL -хъа · PERL -хъан) | ||||
| Locative (-хъ) |
чӀварасухъ
1
|
чӀваралъухъ
6
|
чӀваралъухъ
6
|
чӀваразухъ
2
|
| Allative (-хъе) |
чӀварасухъе
0
|
чӀваралъухъе
0
|
чӀваралъухъе
0
|
чӀваразухъе
0
|
| Ablative (-хъа) |
чӀварасухъа
0
|
чӀваралъухъа
0
|
чӀваралъухъа
0
|
чӀваразухъа
0
|
| Perlative (-хъан) |
чӀварасухъан
0
|
чӀваралъухъан
0
|
чӀваралъухъан
0
|
чӀваразухъан
0
|
| Series 3 interior / among (LOC -лъ · ALL -лъе · ABL -лъа · PERL -лъан) | ||||
| Locative (-лъ) |
чӀварасулъ
0
|
чӀваралъулъ
0
|
чӀваралъулъ
0
|
чӀваразулъ
1
|
| Allative (-лъе) |
чӀварасулъе
0
|
чӀваралъулъе
0
|
чӀваралъулъе
0
|
чӀваразулъе
0
|
| Ablative (-лъа) |
чӀварасулъа
0
|
чӀваралъулъа
0
|
чӀваралъулъа
0
|
чӀваразулъа
0
|
| Perlative (-лъан) |
чӀварасулъан
0
|
чӀваралъулъан
0
|
чӀваралъулъан
0
|
чӀваразулъан
0
|
| Series 4 subessive / under (LOC -кь · ALL -кье · ABL -кьа · PERL -кьан) | ||||
| Locative (-кь) |
чӀварасукь
0
|
чӀваралъукь
0
|
чӀваралъукь
0
|
чӀваразукь
0
|
| Allative (-кье) |
чӀварасукье
0
|
чӀваралъукье
0
|
чӀваралъукье
0
|
чӀваразукье
0
|
| Ablative (-кьа) |
чӀварасукьа
0
|
чӀваралъукьа
0
|
чӀваралъукьа
0
|
чӀваразукьа
0
|
| Perlative (-кьан) |
чӀварасукьан
0
|
чӀваралъукьан
0
|
чӀваралъукьан
0
|
чӀваразукьан
0
|
Adverbial Participles (Gerunds) 5
Adverbial participles express the manner, time, or cause of the action.
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past Gerund |
чӀван
[t͡ʃʼwan]
🔒
1164
|
|||
| Adverbial Past |
чӀван
[t͡ʃˀwan]
🔒
1164
|
|||
| Adverbial Past Negative |
чӀвачӀого
[t͡ʃˀwat͡ʃˀogo]
🔒
46
|
|||
| Adverbial General |
чӀвалаго
[t͡ʃˀwalago]
🔒
15
|
|||
| Adverbial General Negative |
чӀваларого
[t͡ʃˀwalarogo]
0
|
|||
Derived Forms (Causative, Durative, Masdar) 8
Verb Forms
| Form | I (M) | II (F) | III (N) | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masdar |
чӀвай
[t͡ʃˀwaj]
🔒
314
|
|||
| Infinitive |
чӀвазе
[t͡ʃˀwaze]
🔒
651
|
|||
| Causative |
чӀвазавизе
/[t͡ʃʼwazawize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀвазайизе
/[t͡ʃʼwazajize]/
🔒
0
|
чӀвазабизе
/[t͡ʃˀwazabize]/
🔒
18
|
чӀвазаризе
/[t͡ʃʼwazarize]/
🔒
8
|
| Causative Negative |
чӀвазавуларо
/[t͡ʃʼwazawularo]/
0
|
чӀвазайуларо
/[t͡ʃʼwazajularo]/
0
|
чӀвазабуларо
/[t͡ʃˀwazabularo]/
0
|
чӀвазаруларо
/[t͡ʃʼwazarularo]/
0
|
| Durative |
чӀвааризе
[t͡ʃˀwajarize]
0
|
|||
| Durative Negative |
чӀваариларо
[t͡ʃˀwajarilaro]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative |
чӀва-чӀвазе
[t͡ʃˀwa-t͡ʃˀwaze]
0
|
|||
| Frequentative Negative |
чӀва-чӀваларо
[t͡ʃˀwa-t͡ʃˀwalaro]
0
|
|||